Two cancellative commutative congruences and group diagrams. (Q535231)

\textit{J. H. Remmers} [Adv. Math. 36, 283-296 (1980; Zbl 0438.20041)] uses group diagrams in the Euclidean plane to demonstrate how equality in a semigroup \(S\) ``mirrors'' that inside the group \(G\) sharing the same presentation with \(S\), when \(S\) satisfies Adyan's condition -- no cycles in the left/right graphs of the semigroup's presentation. \textit{R. Goldstein} and \textit{J. Teymouri} [Semigroup Forum 47, No. 3, 299-304 (1993; Zbl 0797.20043)] introduce a conjugacy equivalence relation for semigroups \(S\). By closely examining the geometry of annular group diagrams in the plane, they show how their equivalence relation mirrors conjugacy inside \(G\), for \(S\) satisfying Adyan's condition. In the article, two cancellative commutative congruences are introduced. Following their leads, the authors examine the geometry of group diagrams on closed surfaces of higher genera to demonstrate how these congruences mirror equality inside two naturally associated Abelian quotient groups \(G/[G,G]\) and \(G/G^2\), respectively (here \([G,G]\) is the commutator subgroup and \(G^2\) is the smallest subgroup of \(G\) generated by the set all squared elements of \(G\)). In these instances they can drop Adyan's condition.