The Freiheitssatz for Poisson algebras (Q536198)

In 1930 \textit{W. Magnus} [Über diskontinuierliche Gruppen mit einer definierenden Relation. (Der Freiheitssatz.) J. Reine Angew. Math. 163, 141--165 (1930; JFM 56.0134.03)] proved his famous Freiheitssatz for groups and used it to derive the decidability of the word problem for groups with one defining relation. Later his result was generalized for different algebraic systems: by A. I. Shirshov (1962) for Lie algebras; by N. S. Romanovskii (1972) for nilpotent and solvable groups; by L. Makar-Limanov (1985) for associative algebras over a field of characteristic 0; by D. Kozybaev, L. Makar-Limanov, U. Umirbaev (2008) for free right-symmetric algebras; very recently in [\textit{L. Makar-Limanov}, Umirbaev, Ualbai, TWMS J. Pure Appl. Math. 2, No. 2, 228--235 (2011; Zbl 1268.17006)] for Novikov algebras over a field of characteristic 0. Although free Poisson algebras share many properties of polynomial algebras and free associative and Lie algebras, surprisingly, not too much is known about their structure: (1) The centralizer of a nonconstant element of a free Poisson algebra in characteristic 0 is a polynomial algebra in one variable (an analogue of the famous Bergman centralizer theorem for free associative algebras). (2) Locally nilpotent derivations of the two-generated free Poisson algebra are triangulable and the automorphisms of the algebra are tame, in characteristic 0 again. (These results are analogues, respectively, of the theorems of Rentschler and Jung.) In the paper under review the authors extend this list and establish the Freiheitssatz for Poisson algebras over a field \(k\) of characteristic 0. (The Freiheitssatz for Poisson algebras in positive characteristic is not true.) There are two principal methods of proving the Freiheitssatz: employing the combinatorics of free algebras and studying algebraic and differential equations, as in [\textit{L. Makar-Limanov}, J. Algebra 93, 117--135 (1985; Zbl 0558.16007)]. The latter method is used in the present paper. As an application, the authors give a new proof of the tameness of the automorphisms for the two-generated free Poisson algebra \(k\{x,y\}\). Then they show that the commutator test theorem for the algebra \(k\{x,y\}\) (an endomorphism \(\varphi\) of \(k\{x,y\}\) is an automorphism if and only if \(\varphi(\{x,y\})=\alpha\{x,y\}\), \(\alpha\in k^{\ast}\), an analogue of the commutator test theorem of W. Dicks for the free associative algebra \(k\langle x,y\rangle\)) is equivalent to the two-dimensional classical Jacobian conjecture (that every endomorphism \(\varphi\) of the polynomial algebra \(k[x,y]\) with invertible Jacobian matrix is an automorphism).