Integral equations and exponential trichotomy of skew-product flows (Q537214)

The authors of this interesting paper present for the first time a study of exponential trichotomy of skew-product flows. In the theory of dynamical systems exponential trichotomy is a complex asymptotic property of evolution equations. In mathematics, in the general case trichotomy is the property of an order relation that for any \(x\) and \(y\), exactly one of the following holds: \(x < y\), \(x = y\), or \(x > y\). The concept for the exponential trichotomy proceeds from the centre manifold theorem in the theory of dynamical systems. Here it is connected with the decomposition of the state space into a direct sum of three invariant closed subspaces: the stable subspace, the unstable subspace, and the neutral subspace. The behavior of the solution on the stable and unstable subspaces is described by exponential decay backward and forward in time, respectively. We emphasize that the solution of the dynamical system is bounded on the neutral subspace. This concept concerning the theory of differential equations has its origin in the works of Elaydi and Hájek (1988--1990). The aim of the authors of the present paper is to investigate the exponential trichotomy of skew-product flows for the dynamical systems describing some evolutionary processes in physics. An important example is the dynamical system \[ \dot{x}(t) = A(\sigma (\theta ,t))x(t), \qquad t \geq 0, \] under the initial condition \(x(0)=x_0\), where \(A\) is the infinitesimal generator of a \(C_0\)-semigroup \(\{T(t)\}_{t\geq 0}\) on some Banach space \(X\), and for every \(\theta\in\Theta \) (\(\Theta \) is a metric space), the continuous mapping \(\sigma \) is called a flow on \(\Theta \), \(\sigma :\Theta \times \mathbb{R}\to \Theta \), \(\sigma (\theta ,0)=\theta \) (\(\sigma (\theta ,s+t)=\sigma (\sigma (\theta ,s),t)\) for all \((\theta ,s,t)\in \Theta\times \mathbb{R}^{2}\)). A pair \(\pi =(\Phi ,\sigma )\) is called a (linear) skew-product flow on \({\mathcal{E}}=X\times \Theta \) if \(\sigma \) is a flow on \(\Theta \) and the mapping \(\Phi :\Theta \times \mathbb{R}_{+}\to {\mathcal{L}}(X)\) (\({\mathcal{L}}(X)\) is the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on \(X\)), called cocycle, satisfies the following conditions: 1.) \(\Phi (\theta ,0)=I\) for all \(\theta\in \Theta \); 2.) \(\Phi (\theta ,s+t)=\Phi (\sigma (\theta ,s),t)\Phi (\theta ,s)\) for all \((\theta ,t,s)\in \Theta \times \mathbb{R}_{+}^2\) (the cocycle identity); 3.) there are \(M\geq 1\) and \(\omega >0\) such that \(\|\Phi (\theta ,t)\|\leq M e^{\omega t}\) for all \((\theta ,t)\in \Theta \times \mathbb{R}_{+}\); 4.) for every \(x\in X\) the mapping \((\theta ,t)\to\Phi (\theta ,t)x\) is continuous. The authors introduce a new admissibility concept that is built on a double solvability of an associated integral equation and discuss some asymptotic properties. The main result here is that there exist connections between the admissibility concept and the existence of the most general case of exponential trichotomy. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the uniform exponential trichotomy of skew-product flows in infinite-dimensional spaces (using integral equations) are obtained here.