Embedding 3-manifolds with boundary into closed 3-manifolds (Q549137)

Let \(M\) be a compact connected orientable 3-manifold with boundary and let \(\mathbb{F}\) be the field \(\mathbb{Z}_p\) or \(\mathbb{Q}\). Let \(g\) designate \(\roman {rank} H_1 (\partial M; \mathbb{Z})/2\). The author proves that \(\min_{M \hookrightarrow Q} \roman {rank} H_1 (Q; \mathbb{F}) = \roman {rank} H_1(M;\mathbb{F}) - g\), where the minimum is taken over closed orientable 3-manifolds \(Q\) such that \(M\) embeds in \(Q\). Furthermore, if \(H_1(M; \mathbb{Z}) \approx \mathbb{Z}^m\), then there is a \(Q\) such that \(H_1(Q; \mathbb{Z})\) has minimum rank and is isomorphic to \(\mathbb{Z}^{m-g}\). Two corollaries are worth emphasizing. One is that there exists an algorithm recognizing whether or not a given finite topological 2-polyhedron can be embedded in a homology 3-sphere. The other one states that, given a connected graph \(L\), the minimum rank of \(H_1 (Q; \mathbb{F})\) is twice the orientable genus of \(L\), where the minimum is taken over closed orientable 3-manifolds \(Q\) that contain \(L \times S^1\).