A generalization of the Fujisawa-Kuh global inversion theorem (Q549794)

The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following global inversion result (Theorem 1.2). Let \(f:\mathbb{R}^{n}\to \mathbb{R}^n\) be a \(C^1\) map. Let \(J_0f(\mathbf{x})=1\), and, for \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), let \(J_kf(\mathbf{x})\) denote the determinant of the matrix consisting of the entries in the first \(k\) rows and first \(k\) columns of the Jacobian matrix \(f'(\mathbf{x})\). Suppose that for each \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), we have \(J_kf(\mathbf{x})\neq 0\) for every \(\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) and that there exists continuous functions \(c_k:\mathbb{R}^{n-k+1}\to \mathbb{R}_+\) such that the following conditions hold: {\parindent6.5mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(\int_{-\infty}^0 c_k(s,x_{k+1},x_{k+2},\dots,x_n)\,ds=\int_0^{\infty} c_k(s,x_{k+1},x_{k+2},\dots,x_n)\,ds= \infty\) for all \(\mathbf{x}=(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(k=1,2,\dots,n\); \item[(ii)] \(|\frac{J_kf(\mathbf{x})}{J_{k-1}f(\mathbf{x})}|\geq c_k(x_k,x_{k+1},x_{k+2},\dots,x_n)\) for every \(\mathbf{x}=(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n)\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(k=1,2,\dots,n\). \end{itemize}} Then \(f\) is a \(C^1\) global diffeomorphism. A very particular case of this result, obtained when the functions \(c_k\), \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), are positive constants, is the Fujisawa-Kuh global inversion theorem [\textit{T. Fujisawa} and \textit{E. Kuh}, ``Some results on existence and uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear networks '', IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory 18, No.~5, 501--506 (1971), \url{doi:10.1109/TCT.1971.1083336}]. Also, the authors introduce a generalized ratio condition which detects when the pre-image of a certain linear manifold is non-empty and connected (Proposition 1.4). In particular, they provide conditions that detect global injectivity (Corollary 1.5).