Some identities for the squares of components of vector eigenfunctions of the Dirac system of equations with periodic coefficients. (Q556543)

The authors consider the following form of the Dirac eigenvalue equation \[ Ly= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1\\ -1 & 0\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_1'\\ y_2'\end{pmatrix}+ \begin{pmatrix} p(x) & q(x)\\ q(x) & -p(x)\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_1\\ y_2\end{pmatrix}= \lambda\begin{pmatrix} y_1\\ y_2\end{pmatrix},\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^2.\tag{1} \] The authors remove from the real line at most countable, bounded lacuna intervals. (The endpoints of the lacunas are eigenvalues of either the periodic or anti-periodic solutions of (1) restricted to the interval \([0,n]\).) The main result of this paper concerns relations among the squares of the eigenfunctions. Let \(\dots y_{-2}(x),y_{-1}(x), y_0(x), y_1(x), y_2(x),\dots\) be the eigenfunctions of either the periodic or anti-periodic solutions, then the squares of the components of these normalized eigenfunctions satisfy certain infinite series. The formulas for the coefficients of these series are carefully derived, using Floquet theory, and the Mittag-Leffler theorem.