Abel's theorem in the noncommutative case (Q557220)

Finding quantum deformations of the basic objects of algebraic geometry is an open question. Starting with curves of genus \(g\geq 1\), these are related to elliptic and abelian integrals, and addition theorems of these functions are the content of Abel's theorem. In the paper under review, classical invariant theory and Abel's ideas are used to develop a theory of \(h\)-deformations of binary forms in the noncommutative situation. It is then possible to prove that Abel's theorem is still valid under an \(h\)-deformation in the case of hyperelliptic differentials of the first kind. Abel's theorem involves the differential form \[ \epsilon_1\frac{v(t_1)dt_1}{\sqrt{p(t_1)}}+\epsilon_2\frac{v(t_2)dt_2}{\sqrt{p(t_2)}}+\cdots +\epsilon_k\frac{v(t_k)dt_k}{\sqrt{p(t_k)}}=0 \] with \(\epsilon_i=\pm 1.\) The \(t_i\) is replaced by the quotients of homogeneous coordinates \(\frac{x_i}{y_i}\). The hyperelliptic differentials are then represented by bracket symbols \((ij)=\left| \begin{matrix} x_i&x_j\\y_i&y_j\end{matrix}\right| \), \((i,dj):=\left| \begin{matrix} x_i&dx_j\\ y_i&dy_j\end{matrix}\right| \). Then the components are \(\text{SL}(2)\)-invariant with respect to the natural action on the \(x\)-\(y\)-plane, and the differential form of Abel's theorem is then a proposition about the sum of certain differential invariants. In line with Abel's original proof, the author reduces the differential form to an algebraic identity in the noncommutative generalization. A Hopf algebra \(H_I\) of noncommutative homogeneous coordinates of points on a noncommutative line is introduced. This algebra has the Ore property, implying that it can be extended to a division algebra. The \(h\)-deformed bracket symbols \((ij)=x_iy_j-y_ix_j-hy_ix_j\) essentially determine the invariants in the classical case. The algebra of symbols is isomorphic to the classical case, and the two fundamental theorems of invariant theory are still valid. \(n\)-forms and invariants of such are defined. Computer calculations are used to derive the simplest invariants of quadratic and cubic forms, polarization operators replace the independent variables of \(n\)-forms by the coordinates of arbitrary noncommutative points. The fundamental theorem of algebra for noncommutative \(n\)-forms is proved, \(n\)-forms are decomposed into \(n\) commuting linear forms in a certain skew field extension. This is done explicitly for \(n=2,3\). In order to prove Abel's theorem, elliptic and hyperelliptic differentials are defined as differential invariants in certain differential modules. The addition theorem for elliptic differentials and Abel's theorem for hyperelliptic differentials appear as identities in these differential modules. The analogy to the classical case is based on the fact that the elements \((ij)\), \(y_k\), \(dz_l\) commute. The \(h\)-deformation has no influence over any step of the classical invariant theoretical proof. The author explains the necessary facts and concepts about the quantum group \(U_h(\text{sl}(2))\) (which is a unital complex Hopf algebra) and the braided module algebra \(H_I\) with division ring \(Q_I\). The invariants of \(H_i\) are computed and it is proved that the bracket symbols \((ij)\), \(i,j\in I\), generate \(H_I^{\text{Inv}}.\) It is proved that an identity between the bracket symbols is valid if and only if the identity is valid for \(h=0\), considered as a \(h\)-deformation. The algebra \(H_I\) is used to introduce noncommutative binary homogeneous \(n\)-forms. A symbolic method for computing invariants of forms and explicit examples is given. Then polarizations and the typical representation are explained, the decomposition of binary forms into linear forms is done completely for binary, cubic and quadratic forms. Generalizations of total differentials are given and polynomials associated to \(n\)-forms are defined. Then all this rather complicated theory is put together to formulate and to prove the addition theorem and Abel's theorem in the generalized noncommutative situation.