Differential Galois theory and non-integrability of Hamiltonian systems (Q5891214)

Let \(M\) be a real (or complex) symplectic manifold of dimension \(2n\) and \(X_H\) be a Hamiltonian vector field defined on \(M\) associated to a Hamiltonian \(H\). Hamiltonian systems appear in many differential subjects, especially in mechanics. The integrability of Hamiltonian systems is a classical problem, and it involves many subjects of mathematics, such as analysis, differential and Rimannian geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, Lie groups and Lie algebras, differential field extensions and differential Galois groups. The book under review mainly focus on the non-integrability criteria of Hamiltonian systems via the differential Galois group. As far as we know, it is the first book that applies the differential Galois group to provide an obstacle to integrability of Hamiltonian systems along a nontrivial orbit. To achieve this aim, the author makes use of the variational and normal variational equations of the Hamiltonian system along the orbit, and study the identity component of the differential Galois group of the normal variable equations. For describing this theory, the book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the background of non-integrability of Hamiltonian systems, together with a comparison with Ziglin's theory. Chapters 2 and 3 are the preparations for describing the main results. Chapter 2 presents some results on the solvability of the identity component of a linear algebraic group, and on the differential Galois group of linear differential equations defined on some differential field \(K\), which is induced from the Picard-Vessiot extension of \(K\). The Picard-Vessiot extension \(L\) of an \(n\)-dimensional linear differential equation with its coefficient matrix defined on \(K\) is an extension of \(K\) such that if \(u_i=(u_{i1},\ldots,u_{in})\), \(i=1,\dots, n\), are \(\mathbb C\)-linearly independent solutions of the linear differential equation, then \(L=K(u_{ij})\) the rational field in \(u_{ij},\, i,j=1,\ldots,n\) with coefficients in \(K\). The Galois group of the linear differential equation is the group of all automorphisms of \(L\) which fix the elements of \(K\). Chapter 3 recalls complete integrability of Hamiltonian systems in the Liouvillian sense, and three non-integrability theorems by Poincaré, Ziglin and Lerman, and also the Poisson algebra of rational functions. Chapter 4 is the core of this book, which presents three main theorems and their corollaries. Let \(\Gamma\) be the abstract Riemann surface defined by a non-equilibrium connected integral curve \(i(\Gamma)\) of an analytic Hamiltonian system \(X_H\) with \(n\) degrees of freedom on a symplectic complex manifold \(M\). The first main result is the following: If \(X_H\) has \(n\) meromorphic first integrals in involution and independent over a neighborhood of \(i(\Gamma)\), not necessarily on \(\Gamma\) itself, then the Galois group of the variational equation of \(X_H\) over \(\Gamma\) has \(n\) algebraically independent rational invariants, and it is the Zariski closure of the monodromy group. Furthermore, the identity component of the Galois group of the variational equation over \(\Gamma\) is abelian. The second main result is a generalization of the first one over a neighborhood of a singular curve \(\underline {\Gamma}\), which is obtained by adding to the curve \(i(\Gamma)\) a discrete set of equilibrium points. The third main result is a generalization of the first and second ones over a neighborhood of a singular curve \(\underline {\Gamma}'\), which is obtained by adding to the curve \(i(\Gamma)\) a discrete set of equilibrium points and a discrete set of points at infinity. As corollaries of the above results, the book presents two local versions of the these theorems around either an equilibrium point or a point at infinity. Chapters 5 to 8 are devoted to applications of the results in the previous chapters. Chapter 5 obtains some necessary conditions on the Liouvillian integrability of a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian \(H(x,y)=(y_1^2+\ldots+y_n^2)/2+V(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\) where \(V\) is a homogeneous polynomial, and proves the non-integrability of the Bianchi IX cosmological model as a Hamiltonian system with rational first integrals and of the Sitnikov three-body problem with meromorphic first integrals in a neighborhood of the triple collision orbit. Chapter 6 first presents a non-integrability criterion of a two-degrees-of-freedom complex analytic Hamiltonian systems having an integral curve \(\Gamma\) provided that its normal variational equation along \(\Gamma\) is of Lamé type. Then applying this criterion to the Hamiltonian \(H=(y_1^2+y_2^2)/2+V(x_1,x_2)\) with \(V=\varphi(x_1)-\frac 12 \alpha(x_1)x_2^2+O(x_2^3)\), some necessary conditions on \(\varphi\) and \(\alpha\) such that its associated Hamiltonian systems are integrable were achieved. Chapter 7 establishes a non-integrability criterion of a two-degrees-of-freedom Hamiltonian system \(X_H\) in a neighborhood of a homoclinic orbit \(\Gamma_{\text{loc}}\) in terms of the identity component of the differential Galois group of the normal variational equation restricted to \(\Gamma_{\text{loc}}\), which connects the differential Galois obstacle and Lerman's real dynamical criterion to the non-integrability of Hamiltonian systems in a particular case. The last chapter gives some conjectures for further study, which are related to the differential Galois group of variational equations, non-integrability and chaotic dynamics. The book includes necessary references for the readers' self study, and provides some suitable guides at the appropriate points together with concrete examples illustrating the theories and methods. The author provides an remarkable connection between the differential Galois group and the non-integrability of Hamiltonian systems. But we must say that the book is quite technical and requires from the readers a solid background to be able to understand the presented material, combining differential algebra and Hamiltonian mechanics.