The hyperring of adèle classes (Q5894017)

The authors use the theory of hyperrings in order to understand the algebraic structure of the adele class space \(\mathbb{H}_{\mathbb{K}}= \mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{K}}/\mathbb{K}^*\) considered as a hyperring extension of the Krasner hyperring \(K\) (of two elements). The main results of the paper are the following: (1) If \(R\) is a commutative ring and \(G\subset R^*\) a subgroup, \(G\neq\{1\}\), of its multiplicative group of units, then the hyperring \(R/G\) is a hyperring extension of \(K\) iff \(G\cup\{0\}\) is a subfield of \(R\). (2) Let \(\mathbb{H}\supset K\) be a commutative hyperfield extension of \(K\). Assume that the geometry associated to the \(K\)-vector space \(\mathbb{H}\) is Desarguesian and of dimension \(\geq 2\). Then there exist a unique pair \((F,K)\) of a commutative field \(F\) and a subfield \(K\) such that \(\mathbb{H}= F/K^*\). If the extension \(\mathbb{H}\supset K\) is finite then one of the following cases occurs: (a) \(\mathbb{H}= K[G]\), for a finite abelian group \(G\); (b) There exist a finite field extension \(\mathbb{F}_q\subset \mathbb{F}_{q^m}\) of a finite field \(\mathbb{F}_q\) such that \(\mathbb{H}= \mathbb{F}_{q^m}/\mathbb{F}_q^*\); (c) There exist a finite non-Desarguesian projective plane \({\mathcal P}\) and a simple transitive abelian group \(G\) of collineations of \({\mathcal P}\), such that \(G\) is (some) commutative incidence group associated to \(\mathbb{H}\). (3) The addition of a hyperfield extension \(F\) of the Krasner hyperfield \(K\) is uniquely determined by an equivalence relation on \(F\) whose main property is that to commute by rotations. This result has been generalized to hyperfield extension of \(S\). (\(S= \{-1,0,1\}\) is the hyperfield with hyper-addition given by the ``rules of signs'' and the multiplication given also by the rules of signs.) (4) Let \(R\) be a (commutative) ring containing \(\mathbb{Q}\) and \(R/\mathbb{Q}^*\) be the hyperring quotient of \(R\) by \(\mathbb{Q}^*\). Then one has \(R\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} K= R/\mathbb{Q}^*\). Using the previous results, they proved that for global fields of positive characteristic \(\mathbb{K}\) the action of the units \(\mathbb{H}^*_{\mathbb{K}}\) on the prime elements of \(\mathbb{H}_{\mathbb{K}}\) corresponds to the action of the abelianized Weil group \(W^{ab}\subset \text{Gal}(\mathbb{K}^{ab}/\mathbb{K})\) on the space of valuations of the maximal abelian extension \(\mathbb{K}^{ab}\) of \(\mathbb{K}\). The paper is part of a general program of the authors concerning structures related to the ``field with one element'' [\url{arXiv:0809.292}; \url{arXiv:0903.2004}; \url{arXiv:0909.0069}; \url{arXiv:1006.4810}].