Boundedness of solutions for sublinear reversible systems (Q5915526)

The author considers the nonlinear scalar differential equation of second order \[ \ddot x+ f(x)\dot x+ g(x)= e,\tag{1} \] where \(f\) and \(g\) are odd functions, the function \(e\) is odd and \(1\)-periodic, \(e(t+1)= e(t)\) for \(t\in S^1\), where \((t,x,\dot x)\) is in the phase space \((S^1,\mathbb{R}^2)\), and \(g\) satisfies \[ \lim_{|x|\to+\infty} \text{sgn }x *g(x)=+\infty,\quad \lim_{|x|\to+\infty} x^{-1}g(x)= 0. \] This paper is concerned with the boundedness of all solutions to equation (1) when \(f\) satisfies an additional condition. Consider \[ F(x)= \int^x_0 f(s) ds,\quad G(x)= \int^x_0 g(s) ds, \] and the constants \(0< c< 1\), \(C> 1\) and \(\beta> 0\). A solution \(x= x(t)\) to equation (1) is called a bounded solution if \(x: \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) and \(\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}}(|x(t)|+|\dot x(t)|)<+\infty\). The main result on the boundedness is the following: If \(g(x)=|x|^{\alpha- 1}x\), \(0<\alpha< 1\), \(x\in\mathbb{R}\), \(f\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\), \(f\) is odd, \(e\in C^3(\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Z})\), \(e\) is odd and for all nonnegative integers \(i\) and all \(x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\) we have \[ |x^i F^{(i)}(x)|\leq C|F(x)|\leq C|x|^{-\beta} \sqrt{G(x)} \] then every solution to equation (1) is bounded. To prove this main result, the author considers the plane system equivalent to equation (1) given by \[ \dot x= y+ E,\quad \dot y= -f(x)y-g(x), \] where \(E(t)= \int^t_0 e(s) ds\), \(t\in S^1\), \(E\) is even and \(E\in C^4(S^1)\), he considers also another equivalent system and uses the notions of invariant tori and reversible systems.