Inequalities for zeros of associated polynomials and derivatives of orthogonal polynomials (Q5928468)

All zeros \(x_k\) of an orthogonal polynomial \(p_n\) are real and simple. Consequently the zeros \(\xi_k\) of the derivative \(Dp_n\) interlace with the zeros \(x_k\) of \(p_n\). The associated polynomial \(Ap_n\) satisfy the three term recurrence relation of the polynomials \(p_n\) but with a shift in the recurrence coefficients. It is well known that the zeros \(z_k\) of \(Ap_n\) also interlace with the zeros \(x_k\) of \(p_n\). In the present paper the authors investigate the mutual location of the zeros \(\xi_k\) and \(z_k\). Their main result is that inequalities for the Christoffel numbers (the Cotes numbers in the Gauss quadrature formula with nodes at the zeros \(x_k\) of \(p_n\)) imply certain results on the mutual location of the \(\xi_k\) and \(z_k\). Such inequalities are known for classical orthogonal polynomials. Similar results are obtained for discrete orthogonal polynomials, where the differential operator is replaced by the difference operator \(\Delta\). Various other results are obtained for the mutual location of the zeros of polynomials \(D^mA^k p_n\) and \(A^k D^m p_n\).