Area integral characterization of \(\mathcal M\)-harmonic Hardy spaces on the unit ball (Q5928657)

All holomorphic functions on the unit ball \(B\) of \(\mathbb C^n\) have real parts which, as well being harmonic in the usual sense on \(\mathbb R^{2n}\), are \(\mathcal M\)-harmonic, a property invariant under the automorphisms of the ball ; precisely, a function \(f\) is \(\mathcal M\)-harmonic iff \(\Delta f \circ \phi_z (0)=0\) for any \(z \in B\), \(\Delta\) denoting the usual Laplacian and \(\phi_z\) the unique involutive automorphism of \(B\) exchanging the points \(0\) and \(z\) [see \textit{W. Rudin}, Function theory in the unit ball of \(\mathbb{C}^n\), Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Bd. 241. Springer (1980; Zbl 0495.32001)]. The Hardy space \(\mathcal H^p\) of \(\mathcal M\)-harmonic functions is defined by requiring that the maximal function \[ M_\alpha f ( \xi) := \sup \{|f(z)|: z \in D_\alpha (\xi) \} \] be in \(L^p\) of the unit sphere \(S\), where \(D_\alpha (\xi)\) denotes a Koranyi approach region of some aperture \(\alpha > 0\) with vertex at \(\xi\) in the sphere. In analogy to the real case, the following area integrals are defined : \[ \begin{aligned} S_\alpha f (\xi) &:= \int_{D_\alpha (\xi)} |\text{grad} f(z)|^2 (1-|z|^2)^{1-n} dm(z), \\ T_\alpha f(\xi)& := \int_{D_\alpha (\xi)} |\tilde{\text{grad}}f (z)|^2 (1-|z|^2)^{-1-n} dm(z),\end{aligned} \] where \(\text{grad} f\) stands for the real gradient of \(f\), \(\tilde {\text{grad}} f (z) := {\text{grad}}(f \circ \phi_z) (0)\) for the invariant gradient, and \(dm\) for the Lebesgue measure on \(\mathbb R^{2n}\). The authors prove that the following properties are equivalent, for any given \(p \in (0,\infty)\): (a) \(f \in \mathcal H^p\) ; (b) \(S_\alpha f \in L^p(S)\) ; (c) \(T_\alpha f \in L^p(S)\). Furthermore, they give an independent proof for the special case of the Hardy space of holomorphic functions \(H^p \subset \mathcal H^p\). The proofs rely (among other things) on computational lemmas proved in previous papers of the authors, and on [\textit{D. Geller}, Duke Math. J. 47, 365-390 (1980; Zbl 0474.43012)].