A sharp extrapolation theorem for operators (Q5930960)

\textit{S. Yano} has obtained the first extrapolation theorem in J. Math. Soc. Japan 3, 296-305 (1951; Zbl 0045.17901). The authors of this note suggest a new approach to the proof of extrapolation theorems for sublinear operators. Let \((U,\Sigma,\mu)\) be a \(\sigma\)-finite measure space, and let \(\chi(D)\) be the characteristic function of a set \(D\). For a function \(f: U\to\mathbb{R}\), by \(\lambda(f,\gamma)= \mu(\{t\in U:|f(t)|>\gamma\})\) we denote the distribution function of \(f\) and by \(f^*\), the nondecreasing rearrangement of \(f\). A Banach space \(X\) of measurable functions is said to be symmetric if one has \(g\in X\) and \(\|g|X\|\leq\|f|X\|\) for any \(f\in X\) and any measurable function \(g\) such that \(\lambda(g,\gamma)\leq \lambda(f,\gamma)\) for all \(\gamma\in \mathbb{R}_+\). Let \(W\) be the set of continuous concave functions \(\psi: \mathbb{R}_+\to \mathbb{R}_+\) such that \(\psi(0)= 0\). For \(\psi\in W\), the Lorentz space \(\Lambda(\psi)\) consists of all functions \(f\) such that the norm \[ \|f|\Lambda(\psi)\|= \int^\infty_0 f^*(s) d\psi(s)= \int^\infty_0 \psi(\lambda(f, s)) ds \] is finite. The Lorentz spaces, as well as \(L^p\), are classical examples of symmetric spaces. The authors obtain the following theorem: Theorem. Suppose that \(Y\) is a Banach space, \(T: Q\to Y\) is a linear operator defined on a set \(Q\) of step functions, and \(\varphi: [1,\infty)\to \mathbb{R}_+\) is an increasing function such that \(\varphi(1)= 1\). For \(a\in (0,\infty)\), we define the function \[ \psi_\varphi(a)= \inf_{t\geq 1} \{a^{1- 1/(t+1)}\varphi(t)\}. \] Suppose that the inequality \[ \|T\chi(D)|Y\|\leq c(\mu(D))^{1/p}\varphi(1/(p- 1)) \] holds for all \(p\in (1,2]\) and all \(D\subseteq U\) with a constant \(c\) independent of \(D\) and \(p\). Then \[ \|Tf|Y\|\leq 2c\|f|\Lambda(\psi_\varphi)\| \] for each \(f\in Q\). By this theorem, as a corollary, it follows Yano's results.