Indestructible properties of \(S\)- and \(L\)-spaces (Q5935977)

The author shows that the following is consistent with MA\(_{\omega_1}\): (a) There is an uncountable first countable 0-dimensional space whose open sets are either countable or co-countable; (b) There is an S-group (i.e., an S-space which is a topological group); (c) There is an L-group (i.e., an L-space which is a topological group); by constructing examples in a ground model which cannot be destroyed by ccc forcing. All of these results need \(2^{\omega_1} = \omega_2\) in the ground model (hence MA\(_{\omega_1}\) instead of MA + \(\neg\)-CH in the statement of the theorems). Results (b) and (c) also need CH in the ground model. Result (a) is noteworthy since it is known that the addition of the property ``countably compact'' defines a space (an Ostaszewski space) which cannot exist under MA + \(\neg\)-CH. Results on HFD's and HFC's are also obtained.