Periodic solutions of Liénard differential equations with subquadratic potential conditions (Q5937652)

The author considers the existence of periodic solutions to the periodically forced Liénard equation \[ x''+f(x)x'+g(x)=e(t),\tag \(*\) \] where \(f, g\) and \(e\) are continuous functions, \(e\) is \(T\)-periodic, \(\int_0^T e(t) dt=0\) and \(g\) satisfies the sign condition \(g(x)x>0\) for \(|x|>d>0\). Using phase plane analysis and a continuation lemma by \textit{P. Omari, G. Villari} and \textit{F. Zanolin} [J. Differ. Equations 67, 278-293 (1987; Zbl 0615.34037)], he proves the existence of at least one T-periodic solution to \((*)\) if one of the following conditions holds: -\(\lim_{x\rightarrow +\infty}{F(x)}/{x}=0\) and \(\liminf_{x\rightarrow +\infty}{2G(x)}/{x^2}<\left ({\pi}/{T}\right)^2\); -\(\lim_{x\rightarrow +\infty}{G(x)}/{x^2}=0\) and \(|f(x)|\leq k\), \(x>d\); -\(\lim_{x\rightarrow +\infty}{G(x)}/{x^2}=0\) and there exists \(c\) such that \(\lim_{x\rightarrow +\infty}{F(x)}/{x}=c\), with \(G(x)=\int_0^x g(s) ds\) and \(F(x)=\int_0^x f(s) ds\).