Direct-sum decompositions over local rings (Q5938600)

To determine how badly the Krull-Schmidt uniqueness theorem fails, the author assigns to a finitely generated module a submonoid of \({\mathbb{N}}^n\) and characterizes such submonoids. Let \((R,{\mathfrak m})\) be a commutative Noetherian local ring and \(M\) a finitely generated \(R\)-module. We denote by \(+(M)\) the monoid \(\{[N]\mid N\) is a direct summand of \(tM\) for some \( t \}\), where \([N]\) is the isomorphism class of \(N\) and the monoid operation is given by \([N]+[N'] = [N \oplus N']\). Write the \({\mathfrak m}\)-adic completion \(\widehat{M} = a_1L_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus a_nL_n\), where the \(L_i\) are pairwise non-isomorphic indecomposable \(\widehat{R}\)-modules and the \(a_i\) are positive integers, and let \(\Lambda(M)\) denote the submonoid of \({\mathbb{N}}^n\) consisting of those \(n\)-tuples \((b_1,\dots,b_n)\) such that \(b_1L_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus b_nL_n \cong \widehat{N}\) for some finitely generated \(R\)-module \(N\). If \([N] \in +(M)\), we can write \(\widehat{N} \cong b_1L_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus b_nL_n\) and get the map \(\lambda : +(M) \ni [N] \mapsto (b_1,\dots,b_n) \in \Lambda(M)\). It is shown that \(\lambda\) is a monoid isomorphism and \(\Lambda(M)\) is a full submonoid of \({\mathbb{N}}^n\), i.e. \(\Lambda(M) = G \cap {\mathbb{N}}^n\) for some subgroup \(G\) of \({\mathbb{Z}}^n\). The main theorem (3.1): Let \(\Lambda\) be a full submonoid of \({\mathbb{N}}^n\) and \(\Lambda \ni \alpha = (a_1,\dots,a_n)\) with each \(a_i > 0\). Then there exist a two-dimensional local unique factorization domain \(R\) and a finitely generated reflexive \(R\)-module \(M\) such that \(\Lambda(M) = \Lambda\) and \(\lambda([M]) = \alpha\). In the preceding section, a similar result for expanded submonoids is given. In the final section the author states two non-commutative consequences of the theorem.