Quantum geometry of algebra factorisations and coalgebra bundles (Q5940510)

Gauge theory associated to algebra factorizations, that is algebras that factorise into two subalgebras, is developped by purely algebraic manner. As examples, monopoles on the full (not restricted to standard sphere) 2-family of quantum spheres [\textit{P. Podleś}, Lett. Math. Phys. 14, 193-202 (1987; Zbl 0634.46054)] are constructed. An algebra factorization means an algebra \(X\) (over \(k)\) and subalgebras \(P,A\) such that the linear map \(P \otimes A\to X\) given by the product in \(X\) is an isomorphism. In geometric picture, \(P\) plays the role of the algebra of functions of the ``total space'' of a principal bundle, and \(A\) plays the role of the group algebra of the structure group. Contrary to the previous works [e.g. \textit{T. Brzeziński} and \textit{S. Majid}, Commun. Math. Phys. 157, No. 3, 591-638 (1993; Zbl 0817.58003), 167, 235 (1995), hereafter refered to as [1]], \(A\) need not have Hopf algebra structure [cf. \textit{T. Brzeziński}, J. Algebra 215, No. 1, 290-317 (1999; Zbl 0936.16030)]. To extract the algebra \(M\) which plays the role of the functions on the base, characterization of algebra factorizations by special maps \(\Psi:A \otimes P\to P\otimes A\) [\textit{D. Tambara}, J. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Sect. I A 37, No. 2, 425-456 (1990; Zbl 0717.16030)], and a character \(e:A\to k\), are used (Prop. 2.1). Then assuming \(A\) is finite dimensional, the Galois condition in [\textit{T. Brzeziński} and \textit{S. Majid}, Commun. Math. Phys. 191, No. 2, 467-492 (1998; Zbl 0899.55016)], hereafter refered to as [2]], is extended to algebra factorizations (Prop. 2.2). The Galois condition is defined as the property of a map \(\chi:A \otimes P\otimes_M P\to P\). The map \(\chi\) plays the role of the action of the Lie algebra of the structure group. By using \(\chi\), an element \(\chi^\# \in P\otimes_M P\otimes A\) which plays the role of the ``translation map'' is also introduced. Then a \(\Psi\)-module associated to an algebra of factorisations is defined and special linear maps \(\widetilde e:A \to P\) are in 1 to 1 correspondence with extensions of the left regular action of \(P\) on itself to a \(\Psi\)-module structure on \(P\) (Prop. 2.3). When there is a corresponding \(\chi^\#\), \(P(M,A,\Psi, \widetilde e)\) is called an algebra bundle. It is remarked that the \(n\times n\) matrices factorise as \(M_n(\mathbb{C})= \mathbb{C} \mathbb{Z}_n \cdot \mathbb{C} \mathbb{Z}_n\), where \(A=\mathbb{C} \mathbb{Z}_n= \mathbb{C}[h]/(h^n=1)\) and \(P= \mathbb{C} \mathbb{Z}_n= \mathbb{C}[g]/ (g^n=1)\) with the relations \(hg=(1 \otimes h)(g \otimes 1)= q(g\otimes 1)(1\otimes h)\), where \(q\) is a primitive \(n\)th root of 1. Then \(A\) is a Hopf algebra and \(\widetilde e(h)=q1\) yields a bundle which is equivalent to a Hopf algebra bundle but other choices of \(\widetilde e\) yield algebra bundles which are not equivalent to Hopf algebra bundles. Then the trivial algebra bundle is defined and its properties are studied (Prop. 2.10), and the universal exterior differential \(\Omega^n P\subseteq P^{\otimes (n+1)}\) is defined. A connection is defined as an equivariant splitting of \(\Omega^1P\supseteq P(\Omega^1 M)P\) (cf. [1]). These are explained in Section 2. This Section is concluded to show connections of trivial (cleft) algebra bundles are determined by ``gauge fields'' \(\alpha\in \Omega^1 M\otimes A\) such that \(\alpha^{(1)} \widetilde e( \alpha^{(2)}) =0\). Section 3 deals with coalgebra bundles and connections (cf. [2]). Then bijectivity of \(\Psi\) and strong connections and frame resolutions, covariant derivatives and torsion are discussed in Sections 4 and 5. Frame resolution was introduced in [\textit{S. Majid}, J. Geom. Phys. 30, No. 2, 113-146 (1999; Zbl 0940.58004)], in the Hopf algebra framework. But in this paper, it is defined without assuming Hopf algebra structure. Classification of strong left-invariant connections for a homogeneous coalgebra bundle with bijective antipode and existence of a coalgebra frame resolution for a quantum embeddable homogeneous space are shown (Prop. 4.4 and Prop. 5.10) are proved in these Sections. As examples, monopoles of all quantum 2-spheres are constructed in the final Section 6.