\(Z_N\)-graded noncommutative differential calculus (Q5941827)

The noncommutative differential geometry of the cyclic group \(Z_N\) viewed as the subalgebra \({\mathcal M}^{\text{diag}}\) of diagonal matrices of \({\mathcal M}_N= M_n(\mathbb{C})\), as an example of \(Z_N\)-graded noncommutative differential calculus [cf. \textit{R. Kerner}, Lett. Math. Phys. 36, No. 4, 441-454 (1996; Zbl 0852.58002)], is developed. For this purpose, the generators \(x,y\) of \({\mathcal M}_N\) are taken with the relations \(xy=qyx\), \(x^N=y^N=1\), where \(q\) is a primitive \(N\)-th root of unity and \(y\) is the diagonal matrix with the diagonal elements \(q^i\). The basis of \({\mathcal M}_N\) as a vector space is taken to be \(\{\alpha^{rs} =x^ry^s;r,s= (0,1,\dots, N-1\}\) . Next the quantum bialgebra \(M_q (2;\mathbb{C})\) is considered. Imposing relations \(\alpha^N=d^N=1\), \(c^N=b^N=0\) and \(ad-qbc=1\), to the matrix elements of the elements of \(M_q(2;\mathbb{C})\), an algebra \({\mathcal F}\) is defined. As a vector space, \({\mathcal F}\) is generated by \(a^\alpha b^\beta c^\gamma\), \(\alpha,\beta, \gamma=0,1, \dots,N-1\). The dual \({\mathcal H}\) of \({\mathcal F}\) acts on \({\mathcal M}_N\) and by this action, \({\mathcal M}_N\) is decomposed as \(N\)-direct sum of \(N\)-dimensional subspaces \(N_k\), \(k=1,\dots,N\). To define the grading \(|\alpha^{rs} |\) of \(\alpha^{rs}\) by \(r+s \pmod N\), \(N_k\) is the subspace of \({\mathcal M}_N\) consisting of the elements of degree \(k-1\). Let \(Z_N=\{1, y,y^2, \dots, y^{N-1}\}\) be the cyclic group of order \(N\). Then the algebra \(C^\infty (Z_N)\) of complex functions on \(Z_N\) is realized as the algebra \({\mathcal M}_N^{\text{diag}}\) of diagonal matrices. Setting \(\Omega^0= C^\infty (Z_N)\) and \(\Omega^k= x^k\Omega^0\), a differential \(d_x:\Omega^k \to\Omega^{k+1}\) is defined by \(d_x(\alpha^{rs}) =[x,\alpha^{rs}]_q =(1-q^{r-s}) \alpha^{(r+1)s}\). Then \(\Omega(Z_N)= \Omega^0\oplus \Omega^1\oplus \cdots\Omega^{N-1}\) is isomorphic to \({\mathcal M}_N\) and \(d_x\) satisfies a \(q\)-deformed Leibniz rule and \(d_x^{N-1}\neq 0\), \(d^N_x=0\). The paper is concluded by giving explicit calculations for the case \(N=3\).