Improvements of some inequalities of Aczél's type (Q5945761)

In the first paper among others the following inequality is offered: NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\left[|a_0|-\left(\sum_{k=1}^n p_k a_k^2\right)^{1/2}\right]\left[|b_0|-\left(\sum_{k=1}^n p_k b_k^2\right)^{1/2}\right]\leq \left(|a_0 b_0|-\left|\sum_{k=1}^n p_k a_k b_k\right|^{1/2}\right)^2NEWLINE\]NEWLINE when \(a_k\in \mathbb{R} (k=0,1,\dots,n), p_k\geq 0 (k=1,\dots,n)\) and one of the factors on the left is nonnegative. [The above is slightly altered from the paper, where both factors had to be assumed nonnegative. Similarly, in the assumptions for inequality (1.2) of the paper ``and'' can be replaced by ``or''; actually, (1.2) follows by a simple substitution from (1.1), that is \((a_0^2 -\sum_{k=1}^n a_k^2)(b_0^2-\sum_{k=1}^n b_k^2)\leq (a_0 b_0-\sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k)^2\) if one of the factors on the left is positive, with equality iff \((a_0,\dots,a_n)\) and \((b_0,\dots,b_n)\) are linearly dependent]. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE This second paper offers similar variants of other inequalities including Jensen's inequality for convex functions.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINENote: The reviewer is honoured to bear the name of the inequality in the title of both papers, the above inequality (1.1) of the first paper. That appeared as Lemma in a joint paper with \textit{O. Varga} [Publ. Math. Debrecen 4, 3--15 (1955; Zbl 0065.13501)] because it was needed for a remark on Cayley-Klein measurement. However, as \textit{M. H. Martin}[Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Cl. Sci. Mat. Nat., IV. Ser. 7, 1--20 (1969; Zbl 0282.15010)] noted: ``Mathematicians of the Scandinavian school appear to have been aware of the inequality for some time''. It is regrettable that results on similar inequalities with other signatures by \textit{H. Schwerdtfeger} [Can. Math. Bull. 1, 175--179 (1958; Zbl 0085.01105)] and \textit{P. Scherk} [Can. Math. Bull. 1, 181--182 (1958; Zbl 0085.01106)] seem to be less well known.