On matrix near-rings (Q5946711)

Let \(R\) be a right near-ring with identity. If \(n\in\mathbb{N}\), the matrix near-ring \(M_n(R)\) is the subnear-ring of \(M(R)\) generated by the set \(X_n(R):=\{f^r_{ij}\mid 1\leq i,j<n,\;x\in R\}\), where \(f^r_{ij}\colon R^n\to R^n\) is defined by \(f_{ij}(x_1,\dots,x_n):=\tau_i(rx_i)\), and \(\tau_i\) is the \(i\)-th inclusion map. \(M_n(R)\) is called \(\sigma\)-generated if all of its elements can be expressed as a sum of elements of \(X_n(R)\). \(R\) is \(\sigma\)-generated if \(M_n(R)\) is \(\sigma\)-generated for all natural numbers \(n\). It is shown that the class of \(\sigma\)-generated near-rings is homomorphically closed. The following statements are shown to be equivalent: (1) \(R\) is a ring; (2) \(R\) is zerosymmetric, Abelian and \(\sigma\)-generated; (3) \(R\) is zerosymmetric, Abelian and \(M_2(R)\) is \(\sigma\)-generated. It follows that a near-field \(F\) is \(\sigma\)-generated if and only if \(F\) is a field. Finally, it is proved that if \(R\) is an Abelian, \(\sigma\)-generated near-ring, then there is a bijection between the invariant subgroups of \(R\) and those of \(M_n(R)\).