Hyperbolic trigonometry and its application in the Poincaré ball model of hyperbolic geometry (Q5948698)

The subset \(\|\cdot\|<\rho\) of a real inner product space is made a gyrovector space by the Möbius addition \(u\oplus v\) of vectors and the multiplication \(r\otimes u\) of a vector \(u\) with a scalar \(r\). The operations \(\oplus,\otimes\) can be used to describe elements of the Poincaré ball model of hyperbolic geometry: Examples are the geodesic \(u\oplus(-u\oplus v)\otimes t\) joining \(u\) and \(v\), the fact that \(z\mapsto z\oplus u\) is a hyperbolic transformation, and hyperbolic trigonometry. An instance of the latter is the hyperbolic Pythagorean theorem: If \(a,b,c\) are vertices of a hyperbolic triangle with a right angle at \(c\), and \(A=-b\oplus c,\dots\) are its edges, we have \(\|C\|^2/\rho = (\|A\|^2/\rho) \oplus (\|B\|^2/\rho)\). In this formula `\(\oplus\)' refers to the open ball \((-\rho,\rho)\) in the real number line endowed with the canonical inner product.