Millionshchikov's solution to Erugin's problem (Q5951116)

The author constructs an improper system of the form \[ \dot x=A(t)x, \quad x\in\mathbb{R}^n,\quad t\geq 0,\tag{1} \] with a two-dimensional limit-periodic coefficient matrix of arbitrary smoothness. The family \(\{\xi(\cdot,T,m):T\geq 1,\;u\in \mathbb{R}\}\) of functions is considered such that \(\xi(\cdot,T,w):\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is a \(T\)-periodic function of the class \(C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\) satisfying the condition \(\int^T_0\xi(t)dt=1\) and vanishing everywhere except for the intervals \([u+kT,u+1+kT]\), \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\). Choosing a certain sequence \(\{s_k\}^\infty_{k=0}\) of positive integers such that \(s_k\geq 2\) for \(k\geq 1\) and \(s_0=2\), the notations \(p_k=\prod^k_{j=0}s_j\), \(\theta_k=\sum^{k-1}_{j=0}p_j\), \(k\geq 1\) and \(\theta_0=0\) are introduced. By \(U(\varphi)\), \(\varphi\in\mathbb{R}\), is denoted the matrix of rotation in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) by an angle \(\varphi\) counterclockwise. Given a sequence of nonnegative real numbers \(\{a_k\}^\infty_{k=0}\), the two-dimensional \(p_k\)-periodic matrices \(A_k(t)\) are defined by \(A_0(t)=\xi(t,2,1)\text{diag}(-1,1)+\xi(t,2,0)p_0J\), with \(J=U(-{\pi\over 2})\), and \(A_k(t)=\xi(t,p_k,\theta_k)a_kJ\), \(k\geq 1\), and the set \(A(t)=\sum^\infty_{k=0}A_k(t)\). A first result states that if \(\sum^\infty_{k=0}s^{-1}_k\) is a convergent series, \(\sup_{k\in\mathbb{N}}b_k<\pi/2\), and system (1) has a solution \(x(\cdot)\) satisfying the conditions: \(x(t)\in\mathbb{R}^2_+\), \(t\in[\theta_k,\theta_{k+1}]\cap \mathbb{Z}\), \(x(\theta_{k+1}+p_k)=x(\theta_k)\), \(x(\theta_{k+1})\in K(x(\theta_K))\), with \(K(x)=\{y=(y_1,y_2)^T\in\mathbb{R}^2_+:y_2/y_1>x_2/x_1\}\), and \(|x(\theta_1)|> |x(\theta_0)|\), then system (1) is improper and almost-periodic and moreover, \(A(\cdot)\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\). The second main result states that if \(\sum^\infty_{k=0}s^{-1}_k\) is a convergent series and \(\{a_k\}\) is a sequence constructed on the basis of the conditions \(a_0\in ]0,2 \text{arctan }e-\pi/2[\), \(a_k=2\angle (x(\theta_k-1), x(\theta_{k-1}-1))\), \(k\geq 1\), where \(x(0):[0,+\infty[\to\mathbb{R}^2\) is the solution to system (1) with the initial condition \(x(0)=U(a_0/2)(1,1)^T\), then \(A(\cdot)\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\) and system (1) is improper and almost-periodic.