Persistence and global stability for a delayed nonautonomous predator-prey system without dominating instantaneous negative feedback (Q5952254)

The authors study the Lotka-Volterra-type food chain model with discrete time delays in all tropical level and intraspecific competitions. However, the model is constructed in the form of \(x'= xf(x_t)\), which is biologically problematic for delay differential population models, but is standard up to a few years ago. The mathematical results are obtained by estimating upper and lower limits on solutions for system persistence and Lyapunov functional for the global stability of the positive steady state. Neither simulation nor biological implication is presented.