Multiplicity results for some nonlinear Schrödinger equations with potentials (Q5952853)

The authors consider the following (nonlinear) \(n\)-dimensional form of Schrödinger equation \[ i\hslash\,\partial\psi/\partial t= -i\hslash^2\Delta\psi+ V(x)\psi- K(x)|\psi|^{p- 1}\psi,\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^n.\tag{1} \] A common approach to such type of equations is to look for a solitary wave. The authors look for a wave of the type \[ \psi(t,x)= \exp\{i\lambda\,n^{-1} t\}u(x),\quad u(x)\in\mathbb{R},\quad \lambda\in\mathbb{R}. \] Such wave function \(\psi\) satisfies equation (1) if the standing wave \(u(x)\) satisfies: \[ K(x)u^p= -\hslash^2\Delta u+\lambda u+ V(x)u,\quad u\in W^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^n),\quad u>0. \] The conditions imposed on \(u\) produce bounded states. A conversion from quantum to classical mechanics is obtained by letting \(h= \varepsilon> 0\) approach zero. With \(\varepsilon\) ``very small'' such system is called semi-classical. The main purpose of this paper is to establish existence of solutions for such semi-classical systems. The authors derive an energy-type functional, whose critical points are the solutions of the corresponding semi-classical system. Existence is proved by the use of a perturbation technique.