Unipotent radicals of differential Galois group and integrals of solutions of inhomogeneous equations (Q5953591)

Let \(K\) be differential field of characteristic zero with algebraically closed constant field \(C\). Let \(M=L_tL_{t-1}\dots L_1\) be a differential operator over \(K\) which is a composition of differential operators \(L_i\) over \(K\) each of which is completely reducible. A Picard-Vessiot (differential Galois) extension \(K_M \supseteq K\) of \(K\) for \(M\) then contains Picard-Vessiot subextensions \(K_i \supseteq K\) for each \(L_i\). The compositum \(K_u=K_1K_2\dots K_t\) is a differential subfield of \(K_M\) (in fact it is a Picard-Vessiot extension of \(K\)) and the differential Galois group \(G_u\) of \(K\) over \(K_u\) is the unipotent radical of the Galois group \(G_M\) of \(K_M\) over \(K\). The author is concerned with the structure of \(G_u\) when \(t \geq 3\) (he dealt with the case \(t=2\) in an earlier work [\(p\)-adic analysis, Lect. Notes Math. 1454, 125-141 (1990; Zbl 0732.13008), Approximations diophantiennes et nombres transcendants, Luminy 1990, 39-49 (1992; Zbl 0785.12002)], summarized in the first section of this paper). In the second section, he looks at the general case. Let \(V(M)\) denote the \(C\) space of solutions of \(M=0\) in \(K\) (with similar notation for other operators). Let \(V_i=V(L_iL_{i-1}\dots L_1)\) so \(V_i/V_{i-1} \cong V(L_i)\). Then the \(V_i\)'s form an ascending filtration on \(V(M)\), denoted \(\text{Fil}(V(M))\). The \(C\) automorphisms of \(V(M)\) which preserve \(\text{Fil}(V(M))\) form a parabolic subgroup of \(\text{Aut}(V(M))\) denoted \(\text{Aut}(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\), which is filtered in the obvious way: elements \(\sigma\) of \(\text{Aut}^k(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\) are those such that \((\sigma -1)(V_i) \subseteq V_{i-k}\). The unipotent radical of \(\text{Aut}(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\) is \(\text{Aut}^1(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\). Let \(G^k_M=G_M \cap \text{Aut}(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\). Then \(G_M^1\) is the unipotent radical of \(G_M\) and the author provides necessary and sufficient conditions for it to coincide with \(\text{Aut}^1(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\). Further, for the case \(t=3\), he finds conditions for \(G^2_M\) to coincide with \(\text{Aut}^2(\text{Fil}(V(M)))\). And he uses these results to establish algebraic independence of integrals of \(C\) linearly independent solutions of certain operators in this case. The third and final section of the paper continues with the case \(t=3\), and where the operators \(L_3\) and \(L_1\) are shifted versions of the derivation of \(K\), obtaining more precise information in this situation.