Solving the \(d\)- and \(\overline\partial\)-equations in thin tubes and applications to mappings (Q5954604)

The main goal of this paper is of analytical nature: to solve the \(\overline{\partial}\) equation (and the \(d\) equation) in thin tubes around totally real submanifolds with no loss of regularity. Let \(M\subset {\mathbb C}^n\) be a totally real submanifold of class \({\mathcal C}^1\), let \(\delta>0\) and denote by \({\mathcal T}_\delta M:= \{z\in{\mathbb C}^n; d_M(z) < \delta\}\) the small \(\delta\)-tube around \(M\). Let \(0 < c < 1\) be arbitrary. The first main result states that there exists \(\delta_0>0\) and for each integer \(l\geq 0\) a constant \(C_l>0\) such that the following holds for all \(0 < \delta \leq \delta_0\) and all integers \(p\geq 0\), \(q\geq 1\), \(l \geq 1\): for every \((p,q)\)-form \(u\in{\mathcal C}_{p,q}^l({\mathcal T }_\delta M)\) of class \({\mathcal C}^l\) with \(\overline{ \partial}u=0\), there exists \(v \in{ \mathcal C}_{ p, q-1}^l({\mathcal T }_\delta M)\) with \(\overline{ \partial} v=u\) in \({\mathcal T}_{ c \delta} M\) satisfying the estimates \(||v||_{ L^\infty({ \mathcal T}_{c\delta } M)} \leq C_0 \delta ||u||_{ L^\infty({ \mathcal T}_\delta M)}\) and \(||D^\alpha v ||_{ L^\infty ({ \mathcal T}_{ c \delta } M)} \leq C_l \left( \delta ||D^\alpha u ||_{L^\infty ({ \mathcal T }_\delta M)}+ \delta^{1 - |\alpha |} ||u ||_{ L^\infty ({ \mathcal T }_\delta M)} \right)\), for all \(\alpha \in{ \mathbb N}^{ 2n}\) with \(|\alpha |\leq l\), where \(D^\alpha\) denotes the corresponding \textit{real} partial derivative. In the special case \(q=1\), an estimate is obtained in terms of moduli of continuity; further estimates in the Zygmund and in the Hölder classes are formulated. A family of integral kernels is constructed specifically for tubes. The whole construction follows lines devised by \textit{F. R.~Harvey} and \textit{R. O.~Wells} [Math. Ann. 197, 287-318 (1972; Zbl 0246.32019)], with a patching of the Bochner-Martinelli kernel with the Leray kernel (essentially close to G. M.~Henkin's celebrated construction) which was achieved in a similar context in previous work by the third author [\textit{N. Øvrelid}, Math. Scand. 29, 137-160 (1971; Zbl 0227.35069)]. The proof is self-contained, supported by an excellent writing; it can be read independently of the literature and the whole subject developed by F.~Forstnerič and his co-authors (J.-P.~Rosay, E.~Løw, N.~Øvrelid) can be learned directly from this article. A first application is about approximation: let \(f: M_1\to M_2\) be a \({\mathcal C}^k\) diffeomorphism \((k\geq 2)\) between two compact totally real submanifolds \(M_1, M_2\subset {\mathbb C}^n\) \((n\geq 1)\) whose complex normal bundles \(T{\mathbb C}^n|_{M_i} /(TM_i\oplus JTM_i)\), \(i=1,2\) are isomorphic over \(f\). Then there are numbers \(\delta_0>0\) and \(a>0\) such that for every \(0< \delta < \delta_0\), there exists an injective holomorphic map \(F_\delta : {\mathcal T}_\delta M_1 \to {\mathbb C}^n\) such that \(F_\delta({\mathcal T}_\delta M_1)\) contains \({\mathcal T}_{a\delta} M_2\) and such that the following estimates hold for \(0\leq r\leq k\) as \(\delta \to 0\): \[ ||F_\delta|_{M_1} - f ||_{ {\mathcal C}^r (M_1)} = o (\delta^{k-r}), \quad ||F_\delta^{-1}|_{M_2} - f^{-1} ||_{{\mathcal C}^r(M_2)} = o(\delta^{k-r}). \] A second application (among many) strengthens a previous result by \textit{F.~Forstnerič} and \textit{J.-P.~Rosay} [Invent. Math. 112, No.~2, 323-349 (1993; Zbl 0792.32011)] which had already been refined by \textit{F.~Forstnerič} and \textit{E.~Løw} [Indiana Univ. Math. J. 46, No.~1, 133-153 (1997; Zbl 0883.32014)] (but still with some loss of smoothness): Let \(f: M_1 \to M_2\) be a \({\mathcal C}^k\) diffeomorphism \((k\geq 2)\) between two compact totally real polynomially convex submanifolds of \({\mathbb C}^n\) which are of real dimension \(1\leq m \leq 2n/3\). Then there exists a sequence \(F_j\in{\text{ Aut}} {\mathbb C}^n\), \(j=1,2,3,\dots\), such that \[ \lim_{j\to \infty} ||F_j |_{M_1} - f ||_{{\mathcal C}^k(M_1)} =0, \quad \lim_{j\to \infty} ||F_j^{-1} |_{M_2} - f^{-1} ||_{{\mathcal C}^k (M_2)} = 0. \] Also, the authors obtain sharp regularity of the solution of the equation \(dv=u\) on thin tubes around \({\mathcal C}^2\)-smooth totally real submanifolds, where \(u\) is a \(d\)-closed holomorphic \(p\)-form. Applying these analytical tools and following previous geometric achievements by F.~Forstnerič, they deduce further approximation results about maps preserving either the holomorphic volume form \(dz_1\wedge \cdots \wedge dz_n\) or the holomorphic symplectic form \(dz_1\wedge dz_2+ \cdots+ dz_{2n-1} \wedge dz_{2n}\).