Estimates for polynomial roots (Q5956426)

For a complex polynomial with roots \(\alpha_1\), \(\alpha_2\), \(\cdots\), \(\alpha_d\), representations and estimates of \(|\alpha_1 \alpha_2 \cdots \alpha_k |\) (\(1 \leq k < d\)) are obtained, from which a lower bound exceeding 1 is determined for absolute values of the roots outside of the unit circle. This builds on work of Dandelin and Graeffe, and of Specht. Illustrative examples and open questions are provided.