On the complexity functions for T-ideals of associative algebras (Q5959464)

Let \(c_n({\mathbf V})\), \(n=0,1,2,\dots\), be the codimension sequence of the variety \(\mathbf V\) of associative algebras over an arbitrary field \(K\). The author considers the exponential generating function \({\mathcal C}({\mathbf V},z)=\sum_{n\geq 0}c_n({\mathbf V})z^n/n!\) known also as the complexity function of \(\mathbf V\) [see the book of \textit{Yu. P. Razmyslov}, Identities of algebras and their representations (Russian), Sovremennaya Algebra. 14. Moskva: Nauka (1989; Zbl 0673.17001), English translation: Translations of Mathematical Monographs. 138. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1994; Zbl 0827.17001)] or the exponential codimension series [\textit{V. Drensky}, Serdica 13, 320--332 (1987; Zbl 0658.16013), and Free algebras and PI-algebras. Graduate course in algebra. Singapore: Springer (2000; Zbl 0936.16001)]. The function \({\mathcal C}({\mathbf V},z)\) appeared earlier, e.g. in the work of Razmyslov in the study of varieties of Lie algebras, of the reviewer in the study of products of some T-ideals and in several papers by the author of the present paper [\textit{V. M. Petrogradskiĭ}, Sb. Math. 188, No. 6, 913--931 (1997); translation from Mat. Sb. 188, No. 6, 119--138 (1997; Zbl 0890.17002), Fundam. Prikl. Mat. 1, No. 4, 989--1007 (1995; Zbl 0876.17006)] in his classification of the growth type of varieties of Lie algebras. In the present paper the author starts the systematic study of complexity functions of varieties of associative algebras over a field of any characteristic. He establishes a Schreier type formula for the complexity functions of one-sided ideals of the free associative algebra and applies it to the product of T-ideals. As a consequence, he obtains the exact formula for \({\mathcal C}({\mathbf U}_c,z)\), where \({\mathbf U}_c\) is the variety generated by the \(c\times c\) upper triangular matrices. This gives that the function \(c_n({\mathbf U}_c)\), \(n=0,1,2,\dots\), is a quasi-polynomial, i.e. \(c_n({\mathbf U}_c)\) is a linear combination of functions of the form \(\lambda^nn^a\) for some constants \(\lambda\) and \(a\). The author applies the complexity functions also to the so called proper polynomial identities and in the study of the asymptotics of growth of codimensions. In particular, the author generalizes, brings to their final form or gives new proofs of some results of the reviewer, making them more transparent. (Compare e.g. the approach to \({\mathcal C}({\mathbf U}_c,z)\) given in the present paper and in Exercise 5.2.7 of the above cited book by the reviewer.) Throughout all of the paper the author emphasizes the analogy between properties of complexity functions of the varieties and the Hilbert series of the relatively free algebras in the same varieties.