Height pairings of 1-motives (Q6043674)

The goal of this paper is the construction of a height pairing between the rational points of \(1\)-motives over a number field and its dual. This work is a generalization of [\textit{B. Mazur} and \textit{J. Tate}, Prog. Math. 35, 195--237 (1983; Zbl 0574.14036)]. The author starts by recalling some preliminaries on abelian varieties and \(1\)-motives. The important notion of \(\rho\)-splitting of biextensions of abelian groups and its generalization are fundamental in this paper. It enters into the construction of pairing via biextensions, see for example [\textit{B. Mazur} and \textit{J. Tate}, Prog. Math. 35, 195--237 (1983; Zbl 0574.14036); [\textit{A. Iovita} and \textit{A. Werner}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 564, 181--203 (2003; Zbl 1168.11314)]. In the sequel of the paper, the author continues her study of \(1\)-motives and their extensions. The de Rham realization of a \(1\)-motive \(M=[L\rightarrow G]\) is defined as \[ T_{dR}(M):=\mathrm{Lie}\ G^\natural, \] where \(M^\natural=[L\rightarrow G^\natural]\) is the universal vectorial extension of the \(1\)-motive \(M\). In Lemma 2.2, some facts about connections on extensions are recalled. This lemma is applied to show the existence of a natural invariant \(2\)-form on \(G^\natural\times_KG^{\vee \natural}\) which is, by definition, the curvature of a canonical connection on \(P^\natural\). This form induces a pairing \(\Phi\) on \(\mathrm{Lie}\ G^\natural\times_K \mathrm{Lie}\ G^{\vee \natural} \) with values in \(\mathrm{Lie}\ \mathbb{G}_m\). \textit{Deligne's pairing} is defined as follows \[ (\cdot,\cdot)_M^{Del}:=-\Phi: T_{dR}(M) \times_K T_{dR}(M^\vee)\longrightarrow \mathrm{Lie}\ \mathbb{G}_m. \] The group of \(K\)-points of \(M\), denoted by \(M(K)\), is defined as \[ M(K):=\mathrm{Ext}^1_K(M^\vee, \mathbb{G}_m). \] Section 4 is a collection of general results on \(1\)-motives defined over \(K\) a finite extension of \(\mathbb{Q}_p\). For instance, Theorem 4.4 shows that there exist two \(\lambda\)-splittings \(\psi_1,\psi_2:P(K)\rightarrow K\). Moreover, it shows that \(\psi_1=\psi_2\) if \((\eta,\eta^\vee)\) are dual with respect to Deligne's pairing (see Definition 4.2), where \(\eta\) and \(\eta^\vee\) form a pair of splittings of two natural exact sequences of Lie groups which are induced by the universal vectorial extensions \(G^\natural\) and \(G^{\vee \natural}\) respectively. Under this condition, the author shows in Theorem 4.5 that the splitting \(\psi:=\psi_1(=\psi_2)\) is compatible with the \(L\times_K L^\vee\)-linearization of \(P\) (see Definition 3.1). Considering now a ramified homomorphism \(\rho:K^\ast\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_p\). Corollary 4.7 is important for the sequel, because it shows that \(\psi\) of Theorem 4.5 induces a \(\rho\)-splitting of the biextension \(Q_M(K)\) of \((M(K),M^\vee(K))\) by \(K^\ast\). In fact, this corollary will be used to define local pairing between zero-cycles. In Section 5, the author applies the results of Section 4 to \(\mathrm{Pic}^-(C)\), the homological Picard \(1\)-motive of a semi-normal irreducible curve \(C\) defined over \(K\), a finite extension of \(\mathbb{Q}_p\). The dual of \(\mathrm{Pic}^-(C)\) is the cohomological Albanese \(1\)-motive of \(C\) denoted by \(\mathrm{Alb}^+(C)\). As usual, let \(P\) be the Poincaré extension of \((\mathrm{Pic}^-(C), \mathrm{Alb}^+(C))\) by \(\mathbb{G}_m\). Let \( \rho: K^\ast\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_p\) be ramified homomorphism. From results of Section 4, there exists a \(\psi:P(K)\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_p\) which is compatible with a natural linearization of \(P\) defined by \(C\). Then \(\psi\) is used to construct a pairing between zero-cycles of degree zero over \(K\) with disjoint support. Section 6 is devoted to the construction of a global height pairing between the rational points of a \(1\)-motive over a number field \(F\) and its dual. This construction relies on the results of Section 5. These height pairings arise as a sum of local contributions at all places \(v\) which are defined with certain splittings \(P(F_v)\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_p\), where \(P\) is the Poincaré biextension expressing the duality between the \(1\)-motives \(M\) and \(M^\vee\).