Completeness of certain exponential systems and zeros of lacunary polynomials (Q6046528)

Let \[ E(\Lambda)=\{e^{2\pi i\lambda t},\ \lambda\in\Lambda\} \] for a separated set of real numbers \(\Lambda\). Then the completeness and frame problems of \(E(\Lambda)\) for the space \(L^2(a,b)\) are stated as follows: Determine if (a) (completeness property of \(E(\Lambda)\)) every function \(F\) in \(L^2(a,b)\) can be approximated arbitrarily well in the \(L^2\)-norm by finite linear combinations of exponential functions from \(E(\Lambda)\); (b) (Frame property of \(E(\Lambda)\)) there exist two positive constants \(A\) and \(B\) such that \[ A||F||_2^2\leq\sum_{\lambda\in\Lambda}|<F,e^{2\pi i\lambda t}>|^2\leq B||F||_2^2\quad (\forall F\in L^2(a,b)), \] where \(<\cdot,\cdot>\) is the usual inner product in \(L^2(a,b)\). Moreover, the following notations are defined: \[ CR(\Lambda)=\sup\{a\geq0:E(\Lambda)\text{ is complete in }L^2(-a,a)\}; \] \[ FR(\Lambda)=\sup\{a\geq0:E(\Lambda)\text{ is a frame in }L^2(-a,a)\}. \] Beurling-Malliavin Theorem [\textit{A. Beurling} and \textit{P. Malliavin}, Acta Math. 118, 79--93 (1967; Zbl 0171.11901)] and Beurling Sampling Theorem [\textit{A. Beurling}, The collected works of Arne Beurling. Volume 1: Complex analysis. Volume 2: Harmonic analysis. Ed. by Lennart Carleson, Paul Malliavin, John Neuberger, John Wermer. Boston etc.: Birkhäuser Verlag (1989; Zbl 0732.01042)] stated that \(CR(\Lambda)=D^\ast (\Lambda)\) and \(FR(\Lambda)=D^{-}(\Lambda)\), where \(D^\ast\) is the so-called upper Beurling-Malliavin density and \(D^{-}\) is the lower uniform density of \(\Lambda\). In this paper, the authors introduce somewhat more general systems. Let \(\Gamma(n)\subset\{0,1,2,\dots\}\) for any \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\), and \(E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma(n))=\{t^ke^{2\pi int}:n\in\mathbb{Z},\ k\in\Gamma(n)\}\). In this paper, the authors study the completeness and frame properties of the system \(E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma(n))\): \begin{itemize} \item[(1)](completeness property of \(E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma(n))\)) every function in \(L^2(a,b)\) can be approximated arbitrarily well in \(L^2\)-norm by finite linear combinations of exponential functions from \(E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma(n))\); \item[(2)](frame property of \(E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma(n))\)) there exist two positive constants \(A\) and \(B\) such that \[ A||F||^2_2\leq\sum_{\lambda\in\Lambda}|<F,e^{2\pi i\lambda t}>|^2\leq B||f||^2_2\quad (\forall F\in L^2(a,b)), \] where \(<\cdot,\cdot>\) is the usual inner product in \(L^2(a,b)\). \end{itemize} For the sake of the results, they define some notations: for \(\Gamma=\Gamma(n)\ni0\), \[ CR(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)= \sup\{a\geq0:\ E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)\text{ is complete in } L^2(-a,a)\}, \] \[ FR(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma) = \sup\{a\geq0:\ E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)\text{ is a frame in }L^2(-a,a)\}, \] \[ CR_c(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma) = \sup\{a\geq0:\ E(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)\text{ is complete in } C([-a,a])\}, \] \[ \Gamma_{\mathrm{even}} = \Gamma\cap 2\mathbb{Z}, \] \[ \Gamma_{\mathrm{odd}} = \Gamma\cap(2\mathbb{Z}+1), \] and \[ r(\Gamma)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \#\Gamma_{\mathrm{odd}}+\frac{1}{2},& \text{ if }\ \#\Gamma_{\mathrm{odd}}<\#\Gamma_{\mathrm{even}}\\ \#\Gamma_{\mathrm{even}},& \text{ if }\ \#\Gamma_{\mathrm{odd}}\geq\#\Gamma_{\mathrm{even}}. \end{array}\right. \] Also, given any finite set \(M\subset\{0,1,2,\dots\},\) let \(P(M)\) denote the set \[ P(M)=\{P(x)=\sum_{m_j\in M}c_jx^{m_j}:c_j\in\mathbb{C}\}. \] Moreover, given \(N\) distinct real numbers \(t_1,t_2,\dots,t_N\), let \[ S(t_1,t_2,\dots,t_N)=\{(-1)^kt_k\}_{k=1}^N. \] The authors show the following results: Theorem 1. Given any finite or infinite set \(\Gamma\subset\{0,1,2,\dots\}\) satisfying \(0\in\Gamma.\) Then \begin{itemize} \item[(i)]\(CR(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)=\#\Gamma/2,\) \item[(ii)]\(CR_c(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)=FR(\mathbb{Z},\Gamma)=r(\Gamma).\) \end{itemize} Theorem 2. Assume that \[ 0<t_1<t_2<\dots<t_N. \] Then both sets \[ \pm S(t_1,t_2,\dots,t_N) \] are uniqueness sets for every space \(P(M),\ M\subset\{0,1,2,\dots\},\ \#M=N\). Also, the authors show some findings related to their results in this paper.