Comparing the spectra of oscillation exponents of a nonlinear system and the first approximation system (Q6050098)

In this paper, a nonlinear differential system \[ x' = f(t, x), f(t, 0) = 0, x\in\mathbb{R}^n, t\in \mathbb{R}_+\equiv [0, +\infty), \] where \(f\) and \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\) are continuous, and its linear approximation \(x' = F(t, x) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}x\) are considered. For each \(x_0\in\mathbb{R}^n\), the solution \(x_f(\cdot, x_0)\) of the nonlinear system satisfies \(x_f(0, x_0) = x_0\). For each nonzero vector \(m\in\mathbb{R}^n\), the inner product \(\left<x_f(s, x_0), m\right>\) is a scalar function of \(s\in [0, t]\). By considering the number over \([0, t]\) of strict sign changes, nonstrict sign changes, zeros, roots and hyperroots of this scalar function, and by considering the upper (lower) limit as \(t\to+\infty\) of this number divided by \(t\) then taking the infimum over \(m\), we can define upper (lower) exponents of oscillation of signs, zeros, roots and hyperroots. It is proved that there is no dependence between the spectra of oscillation exponents of a nonlinear system and the system of its first approximation; namely, a two-dimensional nonlinear system is constructed such that the spectra of oscillation exponents of its restriction to any open neighborhood of zero on the phase plane consist of all rational numbers in the interval \([0, 1]\) and the spectra of the linear system of its first approximation consist of only one element.