On Galois extensions of division rings of Laurent series (Q6051105)

In the classical Galois theory, the inverse Galois problem for a field \(K\) asks whether every finite group \(G\) appears as the Galois group \(Gal(L/K)\) for some Galois extension \(L/K\). The first systematic approach to a solution of this problem which has generally been studied only for (commutative) fields (the most elementary case being the field of rational numbers \(\mathbb{Q}\)) goes back to Hilbert [\textit{D. Hilbert}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 110, 104--129 (1892; JFM 24.0087.03)], who realized \(S_n\) and \(A_n\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\); and since then, many results have been established (especially in the commutative case) realizing finite groups as Galois groups (for a vast panorama, see the following reference books: [\textit{Michael D. Fried} and \textit{Moshe Jarden}, Field arithmetic. 3rd rev. ed. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1145.12001); \textit{Christian U. Jensen}, \textit{Arne Ledet} and \textit{Noriko Yui}, Generic polynomials. Constructive aspects of the inverse Galois problem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002; Zbl 1042.12001)]; \textit{Gunter Malle} and \textit{B. Heinrich Matzat}, Inverse Galois theory. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer (2018; Zbl 1406.12001); \textit{Jean-Pierre Serre}, Topics in Galois theory. Boston, MA etc.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers (1992; Zbl 0746.12001); \textit{Helmut Völklein}, Groups as Galois groups: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press (1996; Zbl 0868.12003)]). Galois theory has notably been generalized to skew fields (equivalently, division rings) thanks to the Artinian point of view (see the books [\textit{P. M. Cohn}, Skew fields. Theory of General Division Rings. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press (1995; Zbl 0840.16001); \textit{N. Jacobson}, Structure of Rings. Providence, R. I.: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1956; Zbl 0073.02002)]), which made the inverse Galois problem perfectly legitimate in the noncommutative domain. The current paper (under review) is part of this general context of recent research work (publications by Gil Alon, Angelot Behajaina, Bruno Deschamps, Arno Fehm, Elad Paran, and the author) on the inverse Galois problem for skew fields. More specifically, the aim is to contribute to the study of inverse Galois problem over the skew field of Laurent series \(H((T, \sigma))\) of the form \(\sum_{i\geq i_0} a_iT^i\), \((i_0 \in \mathbb{Z}, a_i \in H)\), whose addition is defined componentwise and whose multiplication fulfills \(Ta = \sigma(a)T\) for every \(a\in H\), where \(H\) and \(\sigma\) are an arbitrary skew field and an arbitrary automorphism of \(H\), respectively (see, e.g., [\textit{P. M. Cohn}(loc. cit.)] for more details). To do this, the author of the article under review begin by generalizing a well-known property in classical Galois theory concerning the preservation of Galois group. More precisely, let \(L/H\) be a Galois extension of skew fields with finite Galois group, \(\tau \in \Aut(L)\) with \(\tau (H) = H\) and \(\sigma \in \Aut(H)\) the restriction of \(\tau\) to \(H\), he gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the next properties to hold simultaneously: \begin{itemize} \item the extension \(L((T, \tau ))/H((T, \sigma))\) is Galois, \item every element \(\rho\) of \(\mathrm{Gal}(L/H)\) induces an element \(\overline{\rho}\) of \(\mathrm{Gal}(L((T, \tau ))/H((T, \sigma)))\) defined by \(\overline{\rho}: L((T, \tau)) \longrightarrow L((T, \tau))\), \(\sum_{i\geq i_0} a_iT^i\longrightarrow \sum_{i\geq i_0} \rho(a_i)T^i\), \item \(\mathrm{Gal}(L((T, \tau))/H((T, \sigma))) = \{\overline{\rho} : \rho \in \mathrm{Gal}(L/H)\}\). \end{itemize} In this regard, if \(\tau\) commuting with all elements of \(Gal(L/H)\), he shows that \(L((T, \tau))/H((T, \sigma))\) is also Galois and the map \(\rho \longrightarrow \overline{\rho}\) is a well-defined monomorphism from \(\Aut(L/H)\) to \(\Aut(L((T, \tau ))/H((T, \sigma)))\). Furthermore, he gives examples of Galois extensions \(L/H\) with finite Galois groups such that \[ L((T, id))/H((T, id)) \] is Galois with infinite Galois group. In the sequel, by applying the generalization cited above (Preserving Galois groups) to the inverse Galois theory, he establishes that if \(H\) fulfills the inverse Galois problem and either \(H\) is of finite dimension over its center \(Z(H)\) or \(Z(H)\) is infinite, then the division ring of Laurent series \(H((T, I_H(b)))\) fulfilling the inverse Galois problem, where \(I_H(b)\) denotes the inner automorphism of \(H\) corresponding to an arbitrary non-zero element \(b\in H\). In the same vein, he has also relaxed the commutative hypothesis by showing that if \(H\) is a centrally finite division ring (\([H : Z(H)] < \infty \)) fulfilling the inverse Galois problem, then \(H(Y)((T, \sigma))\) fulfilling the inverse Galois problem for every \(\sigma \in \Aut(H(Y)/H)\). Finally, as main results, this study made it possible to obtain ``non-constant'' Galois extensions of division rings of Laurent series and to determine all Galois extensions with finite Galois groups of \(\mathbb{C}((T, \sigma))\) and of \(\mathbb{H}((T, id))\), where \(\sigma\) and \(\mathbb{H}\) denotes, respectively, the complex conjugation and the skew field of Hamilton's quaternions. Also, new examples of skew fields (specific to the noncommutative setting) with several non isomorphic separable closures'' are given. It should be noted that generalizations to division rings of the notions of algebraic and separable closures of fields, and of algebraically closed and separably closed fields have been described and studied in [\textit{F. Legrand}, Commun. Algebra 51, No. 11, 4501--4516 (2023; Zbl 1530.12002)].