Weighted characterization of parabolic fractional maximal operator (Q6058281)

Let \(\tau\) be fixed. For a cube \(Q\subset \mathbb{R}^n\) (with sides parallel to the coordinate axes), \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), and a parameter \(\gamma\in[0,1)\), parabolic rectangles \(R^{\pm}(Q,t,\gamma)\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) are defined by \[ R^-(Q,t,\gamma):=R^-(\gamma)=Q\times (t-\ell(Q)^\tau,t-\gamma\ell(Q)^\tau), \] \[ R^+(Q,t,\gamma):=R^+(\gamma)=Q\times (t+\gamma\ell(Q)^\tau,t+\ell(Q)^\tau). \] Here \(\ell(Q)\) denotes the side length of \(Q\), and dependence of \(R^{\pm}(\gamma)\) on \(\tau\) is not indicated. Moreover, if \(x\in \mathbb{R}^n\) is the center of \(Q\), then \((x,t)\) is referred to as the center of \(R^{\pm}(\gamma)\). For \(f\in L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1})\), \(\gamma\in[0,1)\), and \(\alpha\in[0,1)\), the fractional parabolic forward-in-time maximal operator is defined by \[ M^{\gamma +}_\alpha f(x,t)=\sup_{R^+(\gamma)}|R^+(\gamma)|^\alpha \fint_{R^+(\gamma)}|f(y)|dy, \] where the supremum is taken over all parabolic rectangles \(R^+(\gamma)\) centered at \((x,t)\) and \(\fint\) stands for the averaging integral. Here \(|R^+(\gamma)|\) denotes the Lebesgue measure of \(R^+(\gamma)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\). The backward-in-time maximal operator is defined analogously. For \(1<s\le q<\infty\), and \(\gamma\in[0,1)\), the class \(A^+_{s,q}(\gamma)\) of the off-diagonal one-sided weights (being analogues of the classical Muckenhoupt's classes of weights in this framework) consists of these (non-negative) weights \(w\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) which satisfy \[ A^+_{s,q}(\gamma)(w):=\sup_{R^\pm(\gamma)}\Big(\fint_{R^-(\gamma)}w^q \Big)\Big(\fint_{R^+(\gamma)}w^{-s^\prime}\Big)^{q/s^\prime}<\infty. \] Here the supremum is taken over all pairs \((R^-(\gamma),R^+(\gamma) )\) of parabolic rectangles with the common center. The classes \(A^-_{s,q}(\gamma)\) are defined analogously. The paper contains several results describing properties of the classes \(A^{\pm}_{s,q}(\gamma)\). The main result of the paper characterizes these classes of weights through weak-type and strong-type weighted norm inequalities for the fractional forward-in-time maximal operator \(M^{\gamma +}_\alpha\).