Some classes of first-order integro-differential equations and their conjugate equations (Q6059326)

This paper is devoted to first-order integro-differential equation with singular kernel in the following form: \[ L[y] \equiv D^{11}_x y + A(x)y + \int \limits ^x_0 \frac{B(x,t)}{t(1-t)} y(t)dt, \] where \( D^{11}_x = x(1-x) \frac{d}{dx}\), \(A\), \(B\) are some functions. The authors construct the operator \(\tilde{L}\) conjugate to the operator \(L\) in the form \[ \tilde{L}[z] \equiv - D^{11}_x z + A(x)z + \int \limits ^1_x \frac{B(x,t)}{t(1-t)} z(t)dt. \] The kernel of non-conjugate equation has a singularity at the point \(x = 0\), and the kernel of conjugate equation has a singularity at the point \(x = 1\). Two conjugate classes of functions are introduced. For these classes of functions the following model equations are considered: \[ D^{11}_x y + A(x) y + \int \limits ^x_0 \frac{B(x,t)}{t(1-t)} y(t)dt = f(x), \] \[ - D^{11}_x z + A(x)z + \int \limits ^1_x \frac{B(x,t)}{t(1-t)} z(t)dt = g(x). \] Further, in three cases, depending of the roots of the characteristic equation, the solutions of the considered equations are found explicitly. It is shown that the general solutions contain some arbitrary constants. Also cases when the model equations have only unique solutions are found. The authors study also non-model equations. In these cases, when the roots of the corresponding characteristic equations are real and different, the solutions of the non-model equations are found by means of the resolvent of the corresponding Volterra-type integral equations.