Non-stationary difference equation and affine Laumon space: quantization of discrete Painlevé equation (Q6063060)

This paper deals with non-stationary difference equation and affine Laumon space (quantization of discrete Painlevé equation). It is shown the relation of the non-stationary difference equation proposed by one of the authors and the quantized discrete Painlevé VI equation. The five-dimensional Seiberg-Witten curve associated with the difference equation has a consistent four-dimensional limit. The authors also show that the original equation can be factorized as a coupled system for a pair of functions (\(\mathcal{F}^{(1)}\),\(\mathcal{F}^{(2)}\)), which is a consequence of the identification of the Hamiltonian as a translation element in the extended affine Weyl group. They conjecture that the instanton partition function coming from the affine Laumon space provides a solution to the coupled system. This paper is organized as follows : Section 1 is an introduction to the subject and summarizes the main results. In Section 2, the authors summarize the non-stationary difference equation proposed in [\textit{S. Shakirov}, ``Non-stationary difference equation for q-Virasoro conformal blocks'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2111.07939}]. They make a gauge transformation to rewrite it in a form which is natural from the viewpoint of the \(qq\)-Painlevé VI equation. They also propose a dictionary between the variables on the gauge theory side and those on the Painlevé side. Since the prefix \(q\)- is already used for classical \(q\)-difference analogue of Painlevé VI equation (in this paper, \(q\)-Painlevé VI equation, in contrast to \(qq\)-Painlevé VI, means the classical difference equation obtained by \textit{M. Jimbo} and \textit{H. Sakai} [Lett. Math. Phys. 38, No. 2, 145--154 (1996; Zbl 0859.39006)]) the authors call the quantization of the equation \(qq\)-Painlevé VI for short, namely they use the double ``\(q\)'' standing for the \(q\)-difference and the quantization. Section 3 deals with Heisenberg form of the \(qq\)-Painlevé V. Here the authors show that the adjoint action of the Hamiltonian involving the \(q\)-Borel transformation correctly reproduces the Heisenberg form of the \(qq\)-Painlevé VI equation. In Section 4, they recapitulate the quantization of the \(q\)-Painlevé VI equation focusing on the representation of the extended affine Weyl group \(\widetilde{W}(D^{(1)}_5)\) on the space of \(q\)-commutative dynamical variables (\(F\), \(G\)). The authors make a comparison of the Hamiltonian in [Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 16, No. 3, 725--804 (2012; Zbl 1273.81178)] constructed from the representation of this affine Weyl group and that of the non-stationary difference equation of [\textit{S. Shakirov}, ``Non-stationary difference equation for q-Virasoro conformal blocks'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2111.07939}] which involves the \(q\)-Borel transformation. In Section 5, the authors introduce the five-dimensional quantum Seiberg-Witten curve and show the quantum Seiberg-Witten curve allows a fourdimensional limit and it is consistent with their previous result [Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 16, No. 3, 725--804 (2012; Zbl 1273.81178)]. This is regarded as a good support for the conjecture in [\textit{S. Shakirov}, ``Non-stationary difference equation for q-Virasoro conformal blocks'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2111.07939}]. In Section 6, the authors propose a coupled system which is gauge equivalent to the \(qq\)-Painlevé VI equation. Finally, they conjecture the instanton partition functions of the affine Laumon space provide a solution (\(\mathcal{F}^{(1)}\),\(\mathcal{F}^{(2)}\)) to the coupled system. As a consequence of the fact that the translation element \(T\) is given as the square of a certain element in the extended Weyl group \(\mathcal{F}^{(1)}\) and \(\mathcal{F}^{(2)}\) are obtained from a common instanton partition function with two kinds of specialization of parameters, which are related by the automorphism \(\tau\) of \(D^{(1)}_5\) Dynkin graph. The paper is supported by three appendices. A summary of the discrete Painlevé VI equation is provided in Appendix A. Some of notations and conventions for the discrete Painlevé VI equation are fixed there. A few examples for supporting our conjecture in Section 6 are presented in Appendix B. The four-dimensional limit for a factorized form of the Hamiltonian is discussed in Appendix C.