Fundamental groups and Diophantine geometry (Q607443)

In this survey article, the author describes the uses of the étale fundamental group and its variations in the study of Diophantine problems. Let \(X\) be a variety defined over \(\mathbb Q\) and let \(\pi_1^{et}(\overline{X},b)\) be the etale fundamental group of \(X\), where \(\overline{X}=X\times_{\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb Q)}\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb{\overline{Q}})\) and \(b\in X(\mathbb{Q})\). He explains how one can define a map \(X(\mathbb{Q})\rightarrow H^1(\Gamma,\pi_1^{et}(\overline{X},b))\), and a similar map to \(H^1(\Gamma,\pi_1^{u,\mathbb{Q}_p}(\overline{X},b))\) associated with the \(\mathbb{Q}_p\)-pro-unipotent completion of the étale fundamental group. Thereafter he states his recent result in [Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 45, No. 1, 89--133 (2009; Zbl 1165.14020)] which gives a sufficient condition for the finiteness of \(X(\mathbb{Z}_S)\), where \(\mathbb{Z}_S\) is the ring of \(S\)-integers, in terms of the size of a subspace of the unipotent fundamental group.