Utumi abelian groups (Q6082483)

A right \(R\)-module \(M\) is called a Utumi module (\(U\)-module for short) if, whenever \(A\) and \(B\) are submodules of \(M\) with \(A \cong B\) and \(A \cap B = 0\), there exist direct summands \(K\) and \(L\) of \(M\) such that \(A\) is essential in \(K\), \(B\) is essential in \(L\) and \(K\oplus L\) is a direct summand of \(M\). The authors prove the following main result. Let \(G\) be an abelian group, that is, a \(\mathbb{Z}\)-module. Then \(G\) is a \(U\)-group if and only if \(G\) has one of the following forms: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(G\) is divisible, (that is, injective); \item[(ii)] \(G\) is a torsion group, all whose primary components are isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of a cocyclic group, (that is, \(G\) is quasi-injective); \item[(iii)] \(G\) is a torsion-free group of rank \(1\), (that is, any subgroup of \(\mathbb{Q}\)); \item[(iv)] \(G\) is a mixed group of torsion-free rank \(1\); in that case \(G=Q\oplus H\), where \(Q\) is a quasi-injective torsion group and \(H\) is a mixed group of torsion-free rank \(1\) such that for all primes \(p\) with \(T_p(H)\neq 0\) we have that \(T_p(H)\) is cyclic and \(Q_p=0\). \end{itemize} A module \(M\) is said to satisfy the \(C1\) condition (or \(CS\) or extending) if every submodule of \(M\) is essential in a direct summand (equivalently, each complement submodule is a direct summand). A module \(M\) is said to satisfy the \(C2\) condition, if every submodule isomorphic to a summand of \(M\) is itself a summand of \(M\). A module \(M\) satisfies the \(C3\) condition, if the sum of any two summands of \(M\) with zero intersection is a summand of \(M\). A module \(M\) is called \(C4\)-module, if whenever \(A_1\) and \(A_2\) are submodules of \(M\) with \(M=A_1\oplus A_2\) and \(f:A_1\rightarrow A_2\) is an \(R\)-homomorphism with \(\ker f\) a direct summand of \(A_1\), we have \(\operatorname{Image} f\) is a direct summand of \(A_2\). A module is called continuous if it satisfies both the \(C1\) and \(C2\) conditions, and is called quasi-continuous if it satisfies both the \(C1\) and \(C3\) conditions. A module \(M\) is called pseudo-continuous if it is both a \(C1\) and a \(C4\)-module. Since \(C3\)-modules are \(C4\), quasi-continuous modules are pseudo-continuous. As an application of the above main result, the authors prove that all pseudo-continuous (abelian) groups are quasi-continuous. However, the authors quote that finding an example of a module which is pseudo-continuous but which is not quasi-continuous seems to be an open question.