On conjugacy classes in groups (Q6085506)

The authors first define the deficient and non-deficient elements of groups as follows: A non-identity element \(x\) of a group \(G\) is called deficient if \(\langle x \rangle < C_{G}(x)\) and non-deficient if \(\langle x \rangle =C_{G}(x)\). The conjugacy class of a deficient (respectively non-deficient) element is called a deficient (respectively non-deficient) conjugacy class. Then they prove the following consequence of these definitions: Theorem. Let \(G\) be a non-trivial finite group with no deficient conjugacy classes. Then either \(G\) is either cyclic of prime order or a Frobenius group \(C_{p}\rtimes C_{q}\) with \(p, q\) distinct primes. Then they also characterize finite groups with one deficient conjugacy class. Moreover, they prove that if \(G\) is a locally finite or (periodic) locally graded or residually finite group with no (or one) deficient conjugacy class, then \(G\) is finite. Since the Tarski monster groups constructed by \textit{A. Yu. Ol'shanskiĭ} [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 43, 1328--1393 (1979; Zbl 0431.20027)] constitute examples of infinite simple periodic groups with no deficient conjugacy glasses, the locally graded or residually finite assumptions in these theorems are crucial. The results in this paper, together with the authors' earlier results [J. Algebra Appl. 22, No. 10, Article ID 2350217, 7 p. (2023; Zbl 1527.20056)], can be seen as important discussions related to the following problem by Avinoam Mann published in [\textit{V. D. Mazurov} (ed.) and \textit{E. I. Khukhro} (ed.), The Kourovka notebook. Unsolved problems in group theory. 18th edition. Novosibirsk: Institute of Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Div. (2014; Zbl 1372.20001), Problem 11.56(a)]. Problem. Does there exist an infinite residually finite group such that all whose centralizers are finite?