Joint numerical range with degenerate boundary generating variety (Q6086424)

Let \(H_d\) be the real Hilbert space of Hermitian \(d\times d\) matrices with bilinear form \(\langle A,B\rangle=\textrm{tr}\,AB\), and let \[ \mathcal{B}_d=\{\rho\in H_d: \rho\text{ is nonnegative definite }\mathrm{tr}\,\rho=1\}. \] The joint (algebraic) numerical range of \((A_1,\dots,A_n)\in H_d^n\) is defined by \[ W(A_1,\dots,A_n)=\{(\langle A_1,\rho\rangle,\dots,\langle A_n,\rho\rangle):\rho\in\mathcal{B}_d\}. \] From the abstract: ``We analyze the boundary of the joint numerical range using the algebraic geometric method based on the dual variety of the irreducible hypersurface of the Kippenhahn polynomial of Hermitian matrices, especially when the dual variety is degenerate. Although the results in this paper deal with specific examples, the computation algorithm is applicable to more general case.''