A spherical Pythagorean theorem (Q608934)

The author proves a version of the Pythagorean theorem that holds true in the spherical (elliptic) and hyperbolic plane. A triangle is called \textit{proper} if the double of one angle equals the sum of all the three angles. In the Euclidean plane proper triangles are precisely the right triangles. Consider a proper triangle \(ABC\) with interior angles \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), \(\gamma\) at \(A\), \(B\), and \(C\), respectively, such that \(2\gamma = \alpha + \beta + \gamma\). Then the area of the circle with radius \(c\) (the length of side opposite to \(C\)) equals the sum of areas of the circles with radii \(a\) and \(b\) (lengths of the remaining sides), respectively. In the Euclidean case this statement is obviously equivalent to the Pythagorean Theorem. As pointed out by \textit{V.~Pambuccian} in a letter to the editors [Math. Intell. 32, No. 4, 2 (2010)], the hyperbolic version of this result is actually due to \textit{M.~T. Familiari-Calapso} [C.~R.~Acad.~Sci., Paris, Sér.~A~268, 603--604 (1969; Zbl 0184.46302)]. Pambuccian's letter contains further interesting references and additions to the article under review, for example pointers to Maraner's question for a proper axiomatic setting.