Asymptotic behavior analysis for non-autonomous quasi-geostrophic equations in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) (Q6095311)

The authors consider the 2D nonautonomous quasi-geostrophic equations with fractional dissipation written as: \(\theta_{t}+u\cdot \nabla \theta +\kappa (-\Delta)^{\alpha }\theta =F(t,x,\theta)\), where \(\theta =\theta (t,x)\) is a real scalar function which represents the potential temperature, \(1/2<\alpha \leq 1\), \(\kappa >0\) and \(F(t,x,\theta)=f(t,x)+g(x,\theta)\) are given. The velocity field \(u=(u_{1},u_{2})\) is supposed to be incompressible and is determined from \(\theta\) by a stream function \(\psi\) via the relations \(u=(u_{1},u_{2})=(-\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial x_{2}},\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial x_{1}})\) and \((-\Delta)^{1/2}\psi =-\theta\), \((-\Delta)^{\alpha }\) being the nonlocal operator defined through the Fourier transform by \(\widehat{(-\Delta)^{\alpha }}g(\xi)=\left\vert \xi \right\vert ^{2\alpha }\widehat{g}(\xi)\), where \(\widehat{g}\) is the Fourier transform of \(g\). The initial condition \(\theta (x,0)=\theta ^{0}(x)\) is imposed. The authors first prove an existence and uniqueness result. Assuming that \(\theta ^{0}\in H^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\) with \(s>2(1-\alpha)\), \(g\in \widehat{W}_{\infty }^{s_{\ast }+2}(\mathbb{R}^{2}\times \mathbb{R})\), with \(s<s_{\ast }\), with \(g_{v}^{\prime }(x,0)\in H^{(s-\alpha)_{+}}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\cap L^{q_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\), and \(f\in L^{\infty }(0,\infty ;H^{(s-\alpha)_{+}}(\mathbb{R}^{2}))\cap L_{0}^{q}(\mathbb{R} ^{2})\), for some \(q_{0}>\frac{2}{2\alpha -1}\), among other hypotheses, they prove that, for any \(T>0\), there is a unique solution \(\theta\) to the above problem such that \(\theta \in C([0,T];H^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{2}))\cap L^{2}(0,T;H^{s+\alpha }(\mathbb{R}^{2}))\). The main result of the paper proves properties of the semigroup generated by the above problem. The authors define a set \(B_{0}\subseteq X\) as a uniformly absorbing set for a family of semi-processes \(\{U_{\sigma }(t,\tau)\}\), uniformly with respect to \(\sigma \in \Sigma\), if for any \(\tau \in \mathbb{R}_{+}\) and \(B\in \mathcal{B}(X)\) , the set of Borel subsets of the metric space \(X\), there exists \(T_{0}=T_{0}(\tau ,B)\geq \tau\) such that \(\bigcup_{\sigma \in \Sigma }U_{\sigma }(t,\tau)B\subset B_{0}\) for all \(t\geq T_{0}\). A set \(A\subset X\) is uniformly attracting (with respect to \(\sigma \in \Sigma\)) for the semi-process \(\{U_{\sigma }(t,\tau)\}\) if for any \(\tau \geq 0\) and \(B\in \mathcal{B}(X)\) the semi-distance satisfies \(sup_{\sigma \in \Sigma }dist_{E}(U_{\sigma }(t,\tau)B,A)\rightarrow_{t\rightarrow \infty }0\). The semi-process \(\{U_{\sigma }(t,\tau):\sigma \in \Sigma \}\) on \(X\) is uniformly asymptotically sequentially compact (with respect to \(\sigma \in \Sigma\)) if for any fixed \(\tau \in \mathbb{R}_{+}\), a bounded sequence \(\{u_{n}\}\subset X\), \(\{\sigma_{n}\}\subset \Sigma\), and any \(\{\tau_{n}\}\subset (\tau ,\infty)\) with \(t_{n}\rightarrow_{n\rightarrow \infty }\infty\), the sequence \(\{U_{\sigma_{n}}(t_{n},\tau)u_{n}\}\) possesses a convergent subsequence in \(X\). The authors prove, under further hypotheses on the data, that the semi-process \(\{\Theta_{\sigma }(t,\tau):\sigma \in \Sigma \}\) with symbol space \(\Sigma =\mathcal{H}_{\omega }^{+}(f)\subset L_{loc,\omega }^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+};L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+}^{2}))\) generated by the above system possesses the compact uniform (with respect to \(\sigma \in \Sigma\)) attractor \(\mathcal{A}_{\Sigma }=\overline{\bigcup_{\tau \in \mathbb{ R}_{+}}\cup B\in \mathcal{B}(H^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{2}))\omega_{\tau ,\Sigma }(B) }\) in \(H^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\). If \(f\in L_{b}^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+};L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+}^{2}))\) is moreover asymptotically almost periodic, then the uniform attractor satisfies \(\mathcal{A}_{\Sigma }=\bigcup_{\sigma \in \Sigma (\widetilde{f})}\mathcal{K}_{\sigma }(0)=\bigcup_{\sigma \in \omega (\Sigma)} \mathcal{K}_{\sigma }(0)\), where \(\mathcal{K}_{\sigma }(0)\) is the section at \(t=0\) of the kernel \(\mathcal{K}_{\sigma }\) of the semi-process \(\{\Theta_{\sigma }(t,\tau)\}\) with symbol \(\sigma\) in the \(\omega\)-limit set \(\omega (\Sigma)=\prod\limits_{+}(\Sigma (\widetilde{f}))\), where the uniform (with respect to \(\sigma \in \Sigma\)) \(\omega\)-limit set \(\omega_{\tau ,\Sigma }(B)\) of \(B\) is defined as \(\omega_{\tau ,\Sigma }(B)=\bigcap_{t\geq \tau }\overline{\bigcup_{\sigma \in \Sigma }\bigcup_{s\geq t}U_{\sigma }(s,\tau)B}\), the closure being taken in \(X\). For the proof, the authors prove a uniform Gronwall Lemma and inequalities in Besov spaces, through the Littlewood-Paley theory. They then prove uniform estimates of solutions to the above problem in \(L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\) and \(L^{q_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\). They prove a uniform smallness property of the solution on exterior domains through the introduction of a cut-off function.