On the genus of dot product graph of a commutative ring (Q6107494)

Graphs from rings are well studied for the past three decades. This interdisciplinary research exposes the interrelationship between algebraic properties of rings and graph theoretical properties of dervied graphs. Let \(A\) be a commutative ring with nonzero identity and \(n\geq 2\) be an integer. Let \(R =A\times A\times\ldots\times A\) (\(n\) times). For two elements \(x=(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\) and \(y=(y_1,\ldots,y_n) \in R,\) the dot product \(x.y=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i.y_i.\) \textit{A. Badawi} [Commun. Algebra 43, No. 1, 43--50 (2015; Zbl 1316.13005)] introduced the total dot product graph of \(R,\) denoted by \(TD(R)\) as the simple graph with elements of \(R^* = A^n\setminus \{(0,0,\ldots, 0)\}\) as vertices, and two distinct vertices \(x\) and \(y\) are adjacent if and only if \(x\cdot y = 0 \in R.\) Let \(Z(R)\) denotes the set of all zero-divisors of \(R.\) Then the zero-divisor dot product graph of \(R\) is the induced subgraph \(ZD(R)\) of \(TD(R)\) induced by the vertex subset \(Z(R)^* = Z(R)\setminus \{(0,0,\ldots,0)\}.\) Recall that the zero-divisor graph \(\Gamma(R)\) of \(R,\) is the simple undirected graph with vertices \(Z(R)^*\) such that there is an (undirected) edge between vertices \(a\) and \(b\) if and only if \(a\neq b\) and \(ab = 0.\) Note that \(\Gamma(R)\) is a subgraph of \(ZD(R).\) In this paper, authors study graph theoretic properties such as planarity, toroidality and bi-toroidality of the total dot product graph of a commutative ring. In particular, they characterize all commutative rings \(R\) for which \(TD(R)\) has genus one or two. This leads to the characterization of all commutative rings \(R\) whose \(ZD(R)\) has genus one or two. In particular, it is shown that, for any commutative ring \(R,\) \(TD(R)\) is a bi-toroidal graph if and only if \(R\) is ring isomorphic to either of the rings \(\cfrac{\mathbb{Z}_2[x]}{x^2+x+1}\times \cfrac{\mathbb{Z}_2[x]}{x^2+x+1}\) and \(\mathbb{Z}_5\times\mathbb{Z}_5.\)