The smallest bimolecular mass-action system with a vertical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation (Q6112043)

Consider the mass-action system \[ \begin{aligned} \frac{{dx}}{{dt}} &= x(\kappa_1z-\kappa_2y), \\ \frac{{dy}}{{dt}} &= y(\kappa_2x-\kappa_3z),\\ \frac{{dx}}{{dt}} &=(-\kappa_3y-\kappa_1x)+\kappa_4 \end{aligned}\tag{1} \] in the positive orthant \(\mathbb{R}^+_3\), \(\kappa_1 \dots,\kappa_4\) are positive constants (reaction rates). System (1) has in \(\mathbb{R}^+_3\) the unique equilibrium \(E^+\), which is unstable for \(\kappa_1 < \kappa_2+\kappa_3\) and asymptotically stable for \(\kappa_1 > \kappa_2+\kappa_3\). Thus, crossing the plane \(\kappa_1 = \kappa_2+\kappa_3\) in the 3-dimensional parameter space is connected with a stability exchange of the equilibrium \(E^+\). Using the property that system (1) is analytically equivalent to the decomposed system \[ \begin{aligned} \frac{{dp}}{{dt}} &= -2\kappa_4(e^q - 1), \\ \frac{{dq}}{{dt}} &= \kappa_2 p,\\ \frac{{dr}}{{dt}} &=-\kappa_1 p + \sqrt{\frac{\kappa_1\kappa_3\kappa_4}{\kappa_1}} (e^{-r}- e^{q+r}) \end{aligned}\tag{2} \] the authors prove the following result. Theorem: For system (1) with \(\kappa_1 = \kappa_2+\kappa_3\) it holds (i). The function \(V(x,y,z)=\frac{\kappa_2}{2}(xy+z)^2+2\kappa_2xy-2\kappa_4log(xy)\) is a constant of motion. (ii). There exists an analytic two-dimensional invariant surface (center manifold) composed of periodic orbits and the equilibrium \(E^+\).