Bifurcation analysis to the Lugiato-Lefever equation in one space dimension (Q611862)

The authors study the stability and bifurcation of steady states for damped driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic nonlinearity and a detuning term in one space dimension which is known as Lugiato-Lefever equation (LLE) \[ \frac{\partial E}{\partial t}=-(1+i\theta)E+ib^{2}\Delta E+E_{in}+i|E|^{2}E,\quad x\in \Omega,\;t>0, \] where \(\Omega\subseteq\mathbb{R},\) \(\Delta=\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}\) is the Laplacian, and \(i\) is the imaginary unit, \(\theta\in \mathbb{R}\) is a detuning parameter and \(b^{2}\in \mathbb{R}\backslash\{0\}\) is a diffraction constant. It is supposed that the homogeneous driving field \(E_{in}\) is real and nonnegative. Here, \(E\) denotes the slowly varying envelope of the electric field. The equation describes physically a unidirectional ring or Fabry-Perot cavity with plane mirrors containing a Kerr medium driven by a coherent plane-wave field. It is a variant of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) with cubic nonlinearity, but it includes extra terms describing linear damping, driving, and detuning. In contrast to NLS, it does not satisfy any conservation law of the NLS. The equation has spatially homogeneous equilibrium points \(E_{s}\) given implicitly by [\textit{J.-M.Ghidaglia}, Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Anal. Non Linéaire 5, No. 4, 365--405 (1988; Zbl 0659.35019)]. Since this equation does not have a variational structure the authors can not apply variational methods for the investigation of spatially localized structures of solutions and analyze the problem by bifurcation theory methods. For the case of a finite interval it is proved the fold bifurcation of nontrivial stationary solutions around the codimension two bifurcation point of the trivial equilibrium by exact computation of a fifth-order expansion on a center manifold reduction. The steady-state mode interaction is analyzed and the bifurcation of mixed-mode solutions is proved, which is a germ of localized structures on a finite interval. Also the corresponding problem on the entire real line is studied at the usage of spatial dynamics. A small dissipative solution bifurcated adequately from the trivial equilibrium is obtained.