On the high order approximation of the centre manifold for ODEs (Q612888)

This paper is concerned with an approximate dynamic description of center manifolds around equilibrium points in dynamical systems whose linear dynamics is a cross product of one hyperbolic direction and several elliptic ones. More precisely, the dynamical systems under consideration are defined by differential systems \( \dot{z} (t) = F( z(t) ),\) \( z \in \mathbb{R}^6\), with the critical point \( z= 0\), i.e. \( F(0)=0\) and where \( \partial_z F(0)\) has the non zero eigenvalues \( \pm \lambda, \pm i w_1, \pm i w_2\), with \(\lambda, w_1 ,w_2 \in \mathbb{R}\). Clearly such a system can be cast in the form \( \dot{x} = A x + f(x,y),\) \( \dot{y} = B y + g(x,y)\) with \( x \in \mathbb{R}^4\) and \( y \in \mathbb{R}^2\) where the constant matrix \( A \) has the pure imaginary eigenvalues and the constant matrix \( B \) the real eigenvalues. In this context an iterative procedure, referred to as the Graph Transform, is proposed to compute recursively the local expression of the center manifold \( y = v(x)\) defined by the functional equation \( B v(x) + g(x, v(x) = D v(x) [ A x + f(x, v(x)]\) and after that solving numerically the flow in the manifold given by \( \dot{x} = A x + f(x, v(x))\). The authors show how to compute recursively the polynomial expansion of \( v(x)\) around \( x=0\) up to a given order \(N\) and, in the case of Hamiltonian flows, compare their approach with the obtained by means of Lie series. In the second part of the paper the proposed technique is applied to study the dynamics of a solar sail around equilibrium points in the Earth-Sun system. The problem is described by the restricted two-body problem of the Earth-Sun rotating in a circular orbit and with the third body affected by the gravitational attraction of both bodies and the solar radiation pressure of the Sun with the sail always orthogonal to the Sun. This problem turns out to be Hamiltonian and in the moving frame it has five relative equilibria, three of them \( SL_{1,2,3}\) in the line Sun-Earth. The Graph Method is applied to the points \( SL_{1}\) and \( SL_{2}\) and the coefficients of Taylor expansion of \( v(x)\) up to the third order are explicitly computed. Further the same problem is solved with the Lie series technique and a comparison of the relative efficiency of both methods is carried out.