All countable subsets of pseudocompact quasitopological Korovin groups are closed, discrete and \(C^\ast \)-embedded (Q6140868)

This article's main focus is to present an important result on the behavior of the countable subsets in the spaces known as \emph{Korovin orbits}. As a corollary, the authors deduce that pseudocompact Korovin orbits are neither homeomorphic to (para)topological groups, nor to Mal'tsev spaces. We give a short summary of some of the prominent conclusions of the paper below, and recommend the reader to consult the original for full details. Let \((G,+)\) be an Abelian group and let \(X\) be a topological space with at least two elements. Consider an action \(s: G \times X^G \to X^G\) of \(G\) on \(X^G\) given as \[ s(g,f)(h) = f(g+h) \] for any \(f \in X^G\) and \(g,h \in G\). A function \(f \in X^G\) is referred to as a \emph{Korovin mappping} if for any at most countable subset \(M\) of \(G\) and every \(h \in X^M\) there exists some \(g \in G\) making the equality \(h = s(g,f) \restriction_M\) hold. Given a Korovin mapping \(f \in X^G\), the associated subspace \(G_f = \{s(g,f): g \in G\}\) of \(X^G\) is referred to as a \emph{Korovin orbit}. \textbf{Theorem.} Let \(G\) be an Abelian group, \(X\) be a space with at least two points and \(f: G \to X\) a Korovin mapping. \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] If \(X\) is not anti-discrete, then every countable subset of the Korovin orbit \(G_f\) is closed and discrete in \(G_f\), \item[(2)] If there exists a non-constant continuous real-valued function on \(X\), then every countable subset in the Korovin orbit \(G_f\) is \(C^*\)-embedded. \item[(3)] If there is an unbounded continuous real-valued function on \(X\), then any countable subset of the Korovin orbit \(G_f\) is \(C\)-embedded. \end{itemize} \textbf{Corollary.} An infinite pseudocompact Korovin orbit is not homeomorphic to a topological group. Let \(X\) be a topological space. A ternary operation \(M: X^3 \to X\) is said to be a \emph{Mal'tsev operation} if the equality \(M(y,y,x) = M(x,y,y) = x\) holds for any \(x,y \in X\). A space with a continuous Mal'tsev operation is called a \emph{Mal'tsev space}. Whenever \(X\) is a Mal'tsev space, a subset \(Y\) of \(X\) is said to be a \emph{Mal'tsev} subalgebra of \(X\) whenever the equality \(M(Y^3) = Y\) holds. \textbf{Theorem.} Let \(X\) be a pseudocompact Mal'tsev space, and \(Y\) be an infinite discrete Mal'tsev subalgebra of \(X\). Then the closure of \(Y\) in the Čech-Stone compactification \(\beta X\) of \(X\) is a compact metrizable set, and \(Y\) is not \(C^*\)-embedded in \(X\) \textbf{Corollary.} An infinite pseudocompact Korovin orbit is not homeomorphic to any pseudocompact Mal'tsev space. The authors also dedicate a full section to presenting a significant amount of open problems. These problems concern the existence of specific types of pseudocompact spaces which are simultaneously either Korovin orbits, Shakhmatov spaces, \(pc\)-Grothendieck, etc. Here we only summarize two of these questions about Mal'tsev spaces and Korovin orbits, and urge the reader to consult the original for the rest of the valuable problems. \begin{itemize} \item[(Q.1)] Does there exist an infinite pseudocompact Mal'tsev space in which every countable subset is closed and discrete? \item[(Q.2)] Can an infinite Korovin orbit \(G_f \subseteq X^G\) be homeomorphic to a topological group or a Mal'tsev space? What if \(X\) is a (countable) discrete space? \end{itemize}