Windings of tori and models of the projective plane (Q6147675)

Given a \(4\pi\)-periodic function \(\rho:R\to R^{3}\), the functions \(\frac{1}{2}\bigl(\rho(u)\pm\rho(u+2\pi)\bigr)\) are \(2\pi\)-periodic and \(2\pi\)-antiperiodic, respectively. Assume that \(\rho\) defines a smooth non-flat curve without self-intersection, and is not \(2\pi\)-(anti)-periodic. Then \[r(u,v):=(1+\cos v)\cdot\frac{1}{2}\bigl(\rho(u)+\rho(u+2\pi)\bigr)+ \sin v\cdot\frac{1}{2}\bigl(\rho(u)-\rho(u+2\pi)\bigr), \] where \((u,v)\in[-\pi,\pi]^{2}\), defines a surface which is a model of the projective plane. To prove this, one simply shows that the function \(r\) identifies the suitable points on the border of the square. Some special functions are given to produce well-known images.