Zigzag polynomials, Artin's conjecture and trinomials (Q6156908)

Emil Artin was an incredible mathematician of the modern world and his contributions to algebra were remarkable. His textbook ``Galois Theory'' has influenced many generations of mathematicians and is now a classic textbook. This article focuses on Artin's conjecture on primitive roots over finite fields in connection to zigzag polynomials and sequences. For every positive integer \(m\), the field \(\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}}\) of order \(p^{m}\) is contained in \(\mathbb{F}\). In fact \(\mathbb{F} = \bigcup^{\infty}_{m=1}\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}}\), and \(Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F}) = \bigcup^{\infty}_{m=1}Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}})\) where each of the sets \(Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}})\) of two dimensional \(\mathbb{F}_{p}\)-planes in \(\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}}\) is finite. Thus the function \(\nu\) takes on only finitely many values \(\mathcal{Z}(m) := {z_{1}, z_{2},\dots , z_{l}}\) when restricted to \(Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F}_{p^{m}})\). One plane in \(Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F})\) is distinguished, namely the plane \(\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}} = \{x \in \mathbb{F} \mid x^{p^{2}} -x = 0\} = \{x \in \mathbb{F} \mid [0, 2](x, 1) = 0\}= \{x \in \mathbb{F} \setminus \mathbb{F}_{p} \mid \nu (x, 1) = 0\} \sqcup \mathbb{F}_{p}\). Thus \(0 \in \mathcal{Z}(m)\) if and only if \(\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}} \subset \mathbb{F}_{p^{m}}\) if and only if \(m\) is even. We again make a small change which will be convenient later and we exclude the value 0 defining \[ 4Gr^{\circ}_{2}(\mathbb{F}) = Gr_{2}(\mathbb{F}) \setminus \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}} ) \] and \[ \mathcal{Z}^{\circ}(m) = \mathcal{Z}(m) \setminus \{0\}. \] We can now define our new family of polynomials. Let \(f_{m,p}(X)\) be the polynomial having simple roots at the points of \(\mathcal{Z}^{\circ}(m):\) \[ fm,p(X) :=\prod _{z\in \mathcal{Z}^{\circ}(m)}(X - z) \in\mathbb{ F}[X]. \] The above polynomials are known as \(\textit{zigzag}\) polynomials. The article provides numerous new results with examples of zigzag polynomials, sequences and trinomials. There is more room for further extension of the results in this article.