The Kronecker theta function and a decomposition theorem for theta functions. I (Q6158140)

The Kronecker theta function \(K_y(z|\tau)\) is a quotient of the Jacobi theta functions, given by \[ K_y(z|\tau)=\frac{\theta'_1(0|\tau)\theta_1(z+y|\tau)}{\theta_1(z|\tau)\theta_1(y|\tau)}, \tag{1} \] where \(\operatorname{Im}\tau>0\) and \begin{align*} \theta_1(z|\tau) &=2\sum_{n=0}^\infty(-1)^nq^{(2n+1)^2/8}\sin(2n+1)z,\\ \theta'_1(0|\tau) &=2q^{1/8}\prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-q^n)^3,\quad q=\exp(2\pi i\tau). \end{align*} Actually, (1) is a special case of Ramanujan's \({}_1\psi_1\) summation. In this paper, employing the Kronecker theta function as building blocks, the author first prove the following decomposition theorem for theta functions: Theorem. Suppose that \(f(z)\) is an meromorphic function of \(z\) which has only simple poles and \(\mathcal{P}=\{a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n\}\) is a complete set of inequivalent poles of \(f(z)\), and further assume that \(f(z)\) satisfies the functional equations \[ f(z)=f(z+\pi)=\exp(2iy)f(z+\pi\tau), \] where \(\exp(2iy)\neq q^n\) for \(n\in\mathbb{Z}\). Then we have \[ f(z)=\sum_{k=1}^n\operatorname{res}(f;a_k)K_y(z-a_k|\tau),\tag{2} \] where \(\operatorname{res}(f;\alpha)\) denotes the residue of \(f(z)\) at \(z=\alpha\). The identity (2) is the common source of a large number of theta function identities. Many striking theta function identities, both classical and new, are derived from this decomposition theorem with ease. Moreover, the author also obtains a new addition formula for theta functions. These beautiful formulas contains some results in the theory of elliptic theta functions due to Ramanujan,Weierstrass, Kiepert, Winquist and Shen as special cases. Moreover, the author also proves the following amazing trigonometry identity: \[ \frac{n\sin(nz+y)}{\sin nz}=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \frac{\sin\big(z+y-\frac{k\pi}{n}\big)}{\sin\big(z-\frac{k\pi}{n}\big)}. \]