The \((L^1,L^1)\) bilinear Hardy-Littlewood function and Furstenberg averages (Q616599)

The main result of this paper is that if \(T\) is an ergodic measure preserving system on a finite measure space \((X, \mu)\) that the bilinear Hardy-Littlewood maximal \(R^*(f, g)(x) = \sup_{n} \frac{f(T^nx)g(T^{2n} x)}{n}\) function is not finite almost everywhere for all pairs of functions \(f, g \in L^1(X, \mu) \times L^1(X, \mu)\). This implies that the Furstenberg averages \(\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N f(T^i x) g(T^{2i} x)\) fail to converge, in contrast to Bourgain's result which states their convergence for \((f, g) \in L^p \times L^q\) with \(\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} \leq 1\).